Analysis of Julia Alvarez’s In the Time of the Butterflies

In history, we are given continuous documents that consist of only facts. Facts are pleasant, but facts cover only general Ideas that are given. History texts completely Ignore and are too blind to concluded what Is behind the facts, the emotions of those who have level/experienced those specific events. Not only that, but by only allowing people to understand one side of a story logically or emotionally is bias and creates a single story. Creating a single story would be unbalancing because it allows people to only understand things through one perspective, and the importance of perspective is very vital.By including more than Just the facts [emotions] will allow readers to have a better understanding of the significance of how emotions can impact and change an entire logos based document. Authors have motives to tell stones, and In the process of doing so, being able to do It In a creative way. But, by only including those basic things that they already know [logos] Is uncreative, and this would make them Just Like those who have written historical documents. If these authors Introduce a wider Idea, that would make them creative.One author, Julia Olivarez has achieved in doing so, in her book, â€Å"In the Time f The Butterflies. † Julia Olivarez introduces this idea of how fiction is her way of understanding history when attempting to recreate the story of the Miramar sisters. When Julia Olivarez creates her novel, she says, â€Å"l wanted to immerse my readers in an epoch in the life of the Dominican Republic that I believe can only finally be understood by fiction, only finally be redeemed by the imagination†(IPPP).As Julia Olivarez states this, we can get a visual of her motive as an author, being able to recreate history, but by using her imagination to allow readers to understand beyond the facts that are given. She continues to say how, â€Å"In historical fiction, truth Is often based on emotional validity rather than factual reality. à ¢â‚¬  Julia strives to create her novel with â€Å"truth† that consists of â€Å"emotional validity' rather than keeping her novel â€Å"factual† Like any other historical document. She attempts to expand her novel In ways that not only will be educating, but so that it will be understood with desire from the readers.Being given a book, you don't always think that the book will contain true evidence of the truth of history. But, Julia Olivarez believes that â€Å"a novel is not, after all, a historical comment, but a way to travel through the human heart† (IPPP). When Olivarez says this, she Is trying to allow the reader to understand that through her book, her motive is to be creative but also being able to teach history. Julia believes by including emotions of those who have undergone the true struggle, would be understanding the truth. Which leads to Skirt Jumbo's Idea of â€Å"lived history. Because those are the Olivarez has this idea of how novels are à ¢â‚¬Å"a way to travel through the human heart† (IPPP). Because her main motive of writing her novel is to allow readers to become one' with the characters and reading a novel with emotions is a way to know the character at a much deeper level. She continues by saying, â€Å"Because once I'm in a novel, I'm in character—the truth according to character. † Julia allows the readers to understand the truth according to the characters in her book, â€Å"l [Patria] looked in his face.He was a boy no older than Norm's [her son]. Maybe that's why I cried out, â€Å"Get down, son! Get down! â€Å"(IPPP) When Julia wrote this, she wrote it to allow the reader to be more than Just a spectator, but to understand the feeling that Patria had when he was on her trip to Constants for her spiritual retreat. She connects it to how the real â€Å"truth† can only be found â€Å"according to the character. † The truth which is only found through the perspectives of t he person/people who has experienced the history which the events took place.Although, Vladimir Nabob, who wrote an except from, â€Å"Good readers and Good Writers,† would disagree because he questions how novels are capable of telling historical documents. Because historical documents contain vast amounts of informational texts. He questions, â€Å"Can we expect to glean information about places and times from a novel?. Insisting that novels aren't meant to tell history or can't in general, he continues to explain how novels are truly represented, that although â€Å"great novels are great fairy tales– the greater the novel, the more supreme its fairy tale qualities.These great novels create their own world; they do not tell historical truth. † Many times, people assume that the truth' is found from scientific texts, but what kind of truth are they searching for exactly? A scientific truth that consisted of knowledge which only these ‘educated' Caucasia ns possessed? In the Yellow Rain controversy, there were many times when pathos and logos conflicted. During the potash of Yellow Rain, the Radiology cast admitted that they were in search of the â€Å"truth. They were in search of the truth,' and they based their truth on facts only. Although Robert specifically requested of Eng Yang's experienced knowledge, his perspective of truth was ignored. In the potash, Aka Lila Yang says, â€Å"what we know has been questioned again and again†¦ We have lost too much heart, and too many people in the process. † When Aka Lila says this, she was filled with emotions and because of these emotions, it sparked an interest into the human ear. Emotions tend to interest readers/people more because its indulging.Even though the use of factual evidence is one of the main strategies that people use to tell history, emotions tend to be a better and more engaging way to truly understand history. In many times, people can be taught a certain historical event, but with only facts people usually don't see to care to remember what is taught to them. But when there's more to the facts such as the emotions, people are interested and tend to desire to hear, read, or even seek for more information. Including emotions rather than the facts alone allows readers to have a better understanding document/discussion.

Movie: The Birth of A Nation Essay

Tim Dirk’s review of The Birth of a Nation[1] is one of the most detailed and comprehensive reviews that has encompassed almost all the aspects of this masterpiece. This movie was made in 1915 by the producer/director D. W. Griffith. The story moves in the background of civil war affected America and are manifested in the form of lives of two families Stonemans and the Camerons. The pathos and miseries afflicted by the war are shown with close connection to key historical proceedings i.e. the growth and expansion of Civil War and the origin of the Ku Klux Klan.This film is also manifest   epitomize the historical justification for racial segregation. The movie tried to disperse the notions that Reconstruction was a disaster and African American can never be assimilated into white society. It further propagates the ideas that Ku Klux Klan emerged to restore the dominancy of whites in South that was at stake by uncontainable blacks. The film’s considerate depiction of whites lynching activities and emergence of Ku Klux Klan as messiah affirms the racial discriminations and notion of blaming the blacks for all evils in American society at that time. The Birth of a Nation further explores the two other themes related to post war era i.e. interracial sex and marriage, and the empowerment of blacks. Tim Dirk has analyzed all basic elements of the movie i.e. title, story, plot, narration, characterization, dialogue, motifs etc. Firstly, he takes into account the artistic and thematic aspects of the movies and then provides a brief synopsis of the story and at the end evaluates its technical merits. I agree with his overall verdict about the movies as â€Å"A controversial, explicitly racist, but landmark American film masterpiece† because despite its anti-black, it has introduced certain technical and artistic innovation for the first time in American cinema. Tom Dirk says that these innovations includes usage or ornamented title cards, the close-ups, the use of natural outdoors backgrounds, the wide-angle shot and panoramic long shorts. Director Griffith has further implied the amazing technique of parallels actions in a single sequence for example Gus’ endeavor to rape Flora and Ku Klux Klan salvage of Elsie and Margaret. He picturized the battle scenes in a way that hundreds of extras appeared as thousands. Dirk further pays homage to the work of Billy Bitzer, the cameraman of the movie who introduced the night cinematography with the help of Magnesium flares and the technical effects by camera iris i.e. expansion and contraction of camera’s circular masks. (Dirk, 2006) While analyzing the theme of the movie, he has rightly pointed out that Birth of A Nation is definitely one of the most significant contributions in nurturing cinema’s role as an art form. I concur with his stance The Birth of a Nation portrays some of the most chaotic and turbulent conflicts of American History. Dirk points out that the post civil-war period is picturised with colors of racial discrimination and African American are depicted as the cause of all socio-political and economic problems of the Reconstruction era. Dirk further takes into accounts set of components that must be taken into consideration while making a movie analysis. This set is known as MISE-EN-SCENE and includes Setting and sets, Acting style, costumes and lighting and asserts that in Birth of A Nation, ideological or symbolic information is conveyed through these particular setting. Overall, the review contains all the mandatory information about the story and provides an in-depth analysis of necessary paraphernalia of the movie. But it ignores the characterization by the author and its presentation by the actors and actresses. References Dirk, Tim. The Birth of A Nation (1915) Website:http://www.filmsite.org/birt.html [1] Initially it was released and premiered with the title The Clansman in January, 1915 in California but later on the title was changed to Birth of A Nation.

A Study On Detailed CAT Syllabus Education Essay

Verbal Ability and Reasoning: This subdivision of the trial accounts for more than half of the verbal subdivision. It is 50 Markss and comprises ‘verbal ability and concluding ‘ subdivision every bit good as ‘Reading Comprehension ‘ . About 25 to 30 Markss inquiries are on verbal ability while the staying 20 to 35 Markss will be by replying reading comprehension inquiries. The inquiries asked in the verbal subdivision can be categorized in one of the types mentioned below: Vocabulary Based Questions:Questions based on proving vocabulary of campaigners can be simple ‘synonyms-antonyms ‘ types. While on the other manus, inquiries asked in vocabulary can besides be in the signifier of fill in the space with the most suited word. It has appeared as portion of the Markss subdivision in the twelvemonth 2004 and the 2 Markss subdivision in the twelvemonth 2005. However, it is notable that the accent on vocabulary in the trial is worsening each twelvemonth and one is non required to larn the significances of words like ‘pleonasm ‘ etc. to check such inquiries in the trial. Correct Usage of English or Grammar:You will happen inquiries based on the sentence or grammar rectification in different signifiers. In these inquiries, you will be required to happen out the wrong par of the sentence or a portion of the inquiry will be underlined with 4-5 options. You need to do right pick to rectify the mistake in the sentence. To fix for these types of inquiries you need to hold a good apprehension of the BASIC of English grammar. Make equal figure of exercising on the assorted common mistakes which tend to look in the trial. Therefore, you will be able to sail through these types of inquiries in CAT. Verbal Reasoning:Questions in verbal logical thinking can be in different signifiers. However, the most common one is rearranging the jumble words of a paragraph. You might besides be asked to rephrase the paragraph. Besides, you can be provided 3 to 4 sentences and so asked to choose which sentence is fact, which one is an illation or a judgement. In brief you need to work on verbal logical thinking, contextual use, opposite word, fill ups, syllogisms, sentence rectification, acquaintance with common foreign linguistic communication words used in English, parlances, one word permutation. Again, as there is non as such fixed construction of CAT. The form tends to differ every twelvemonth. Reading Comprehension: Reading comprehension subdivision of CAT is typically of 100 Markss. This subdivision includes verbal ability and concluding subdivision, and the reading comprehension subdivision. Verbal ability subdivision carries 40 to 60 Markss inquiries while the reading comprehension subdivision carries 60 to 40 Markss. In the twelvemonth 2005, 15 out of sum of 25v inquiries in the verbal subdivisions were based on comprehension while the figure of 12 out the 25questions in the twelvemonth 2007. Questions based on ‘reading comprehension ‘ are frequently in groups for 4 to 8 inquiries. The length of these reading transition ranges from 250 words to 750 words. Here is a manner to make this subdivision successfully: Read the full transition for one time rapidly so t chapeau you are able to hold on the cardinal thought of the transition. Eradicate reply picks which are certain of non to be right. Make usage of outside cognition. Make usage of interior cognition Phosphorusassage Types in Cat:Passages t hat appear in the trial are fundamentally can be fundamentally from one of the types mentioned below: Social Science Passage:This type of transition is frequently about a societal or historical issue. Science Passage:This type of transition gives information on a scientific phenomenon like air power or home base tectonics. Business Passage:This transition includes a concern related subject like transitions on the denationalization of state-owned industries or the causes of rising prices. Entertainment Passage:This type of transition if of amusement, athleticss or leisure related. The transitions can be on Hollywood or Bollywood famous persons or other outstanding people in assorted Fieldss. Quantitative Skills: This subdivision of Cat which is immensely categorized as Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry purposes to estimate quantitative ability of a campaigner from more than 25 subjects. All of these subjects are of high school degree. Let ‘s see the subjects in different classs in this subdivision: Arithmetical:Number system and figure theory, net income and loss, involvement, velocity, clip and distance, norms, ration and proportion, mixtures and alligations, pipes and cisterns Algebra:Linear and quadratic equation, inequalities, map, substitution and combination, set theory, logarithm, binomial theorem, map, chance, patterned advances Geometry:Geometry, co-ordinate geometry, measurement, trigonometry Data Interpretation: Data reading subdivision in CAT is of 50 Markss since the twelvemonth 2001. Most of the inquiries in this subdivision are of 2, 3 or 4 Markss. Date reading subdivision in CAT frequently carries two types of inquiries: Date Interpretation:In these types of inquiries day of the month is presented in the signifier of a table/pie chart/a graph. On the footing of each presentation, the campaigner is required to reply 4 to 6 inquiries. You need to construe the format and reply the inquiries consequently as per the day of the month given in the tabular array or chart. Date Sufficiency:Every day of the month sufficiency job in CAT comprises inquiries with two statements. Here the point is that you are required to make up one’s mind whether the inquiry can be answered or non on the footing of provided information in the given statements alternatively of chew overing over the reply of he inquiry. General Knowledge: For this, you need to maintain yourself updated with current intelligence and personal businesss around the universe. You need to be informed about: Current personal businesss, outstanding corporate events, punch line of companies Books and their writers ‘ name Important quotation marks Social issues, finance, car, amusement etc. Universe records Renowned awards and awards. Science, history, geographics A Study On Detailed CAT Syllabus Education Essay Verbal Ability and Reasoning: This subdivision of the trial accounts for more than half of the verbal subdivision. It is 50 Markss and comprises ‘verbal ability and concluding ‘ subdivision every bit good as ‘Reading Comprehension ‘ . About 25 to 30 Markss inquiries are on verbal ability while the staying 20 to 35 Markss will be by replying reading comprehension inquiries. The inquiries asked in the verbal subdivision can be categorized in one of the types mentioned below: Vocabulary Based Questions:Questions based on proving vocabulary of campaigners can be simple ‘synonyms-antonyms ‘ types. While on the other manus, inquiries asked in vocabulary can besides be in the signifier of fill in the space with the most suited word. It has appeared as portion of the Markss subdivision in the twelvemonth 2004 and the 2 Markss subdivision in the twelvemonth 2005. However, it is notable that the accent on vocabulary in the trial is worsening each twelvemonth and one is non required to larn the significances of words like ‘pleonasm ‘ etc. to check such inquiries in the trial. Correct Usage of English or Grammar:You will happen inquiries based on the sentence or grammar rectification in different signifiers. In these inquiries, you will be required to happen out the wrong par of the sentence or a portion of the inquiry will be underlined with 4-5 options. You need to do right pick to rectify the mistake in the sentence. To fix for these types of inquiries you need to hold a good apprehension of the BASIC of English grammar. Make equal figure of exercising on the assorted common mistakes which tend to look in the trial. Therefore, you will be able to sail through these types of inquiries in CAT. Verbal Reasoning:Questions in verbal logical thinking can be in different signifiers. However, the most common one is rearranging the jumble words of a paragraph. You might besides be asked to rephrase the paragraph. Besides, you can be provided 3 to 4 sentences and so asked to choose which sentence is fact, which one is an illation or a judgement. In brief you need to work on verbal logical thinking, contextual use, opposite word, fill ups, syllogisms, sentence rectification, acquaintance with common foreign linguistic communication words used in English, parlances, one word permutation. Again, as there is non as such fixed construction of CAT. The form tends to differ every twelvemonth. Reading Comprehension: Reading comprehension subdivision of CAT is typically of 100 Markss. This subdivision includes verbal ability and concluding subdivision, and the reading comprehension subdivision. Verbal ability subdivision carries 40 to 60 Markss inquiries while the reading comprehension subdivision carries 60 to 40 Markss. In the twelvemonth 2005, 15 out of sum of 25v inquiries in the verbal subdivisions were based on comprehension while the figure of 12 out the 25questions in the twelvemonth 2007. Questions based on ‘reading comprehension ‘ are frequently in groups for 4 to 8 inquiries. The length of these reading transition ranges from 250 words to 750 words. Here is a manner to make this subdivision successfully: Read the full transition for one time rapidly so t chapeau you are able to hold on the cardinal thought of the transition. Eradicate reply picks which are certain of non to be right. Make usage of outside cognition. Make usage of interior cognition Phosphorusassage Types in Cat:Passages t hat appear in the trial are fundamentally can be fundamentally from one of the types mentioned below: Social Science Passage:This type of transition is frequently about a societal or historical issue. Science Passage:This type of transition gives information on a scientific phenomenon like air power or home base tectonics. Business Passage:This transition includes a concern related subject like transitions on the denationalization of state-owned industries or the causes of rising prices. Entertainment Passage:This type of transition if of amusement, athleticss or leisure related. The transitions can be on Hollywood or Bollywood famous persons or other outstanding people in assorted Fieldss. Quantitative Skills: This subdivision of Cat which is immensely categorized as Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry purposes to estimate quantitative ability of a campaigner from more than 25 subjects. All of these subjects are of high school degree. Let ‘s see the subjects in different classs in this subdivision: Arithmetical:Number system and figure theory, net income and loss, involvement, velocity, clip and distance, norms, ration and proportion, mixtures and alligations, pipes and cisterns Algebra:Linear and quadratic equation, inequalities, map, substitution and combination, set theory, logarithm, binomial theorem, map, chance, patterned advances Geometry:Geometry, co-ordinate geometry, measurement, trigonometry Data Interpretation: Data reading subdivision in CAT is of 50 Markss since the twelvemonth 2001. Most of the inquiries in this subdivision are of 2, 3 or 4 Markss. Date reading subdivision in CAT frequently carries two types of inquiries: Date Interpretation:In these types of inquiries day of the month is presented in the signifier of a table/pie chart/a graph. On the footing of each presentation, the campaigner is required to reply 4 to 6 inquiries. You need to construe the format and reply the inquiries consequently as per the day of the month given in the tabular array or chart. Date Sufficiency:Every day of the month sufficiency job in CAT comprises inquiries with two statements. Here the point is that you are required to make up one’s mind whether the inquiry can be answered or non on the footing of provided information in the given statements alternatively of chew overing over the reply of he inquiry. General Knowledge: For this, you need to maintain yourself updated with current intelligence and personal businesss around the universe. You need to be informed about: Current personal businesss, outstanding corporate events, punch line of companies Books and their writers ‘ name Important quotation marks Social issues, finance, car, amusement etc. Universe records Renowned awards and awards. Science, history, geographics

Individual Paper - Shadows of the leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual Paper - Shadows of the leader - Essay Example When leaders practice these, their followers will also be likely to do the same and as a result, the organisational culture will originate from the shadow cast above. This is especially because it is very difficult to try to correct one’s follower’s mistakes if you are their genesis. An example of how such leadership shadows can affect a company is Enron, it started n energy and network-providing firm that experienced unprecedented growth levels in the mid 90’s. After this, they hired the best business school graduates and the best talent in any field (Jickling, 2002). The culture was highly competitive with success being rewarded individually while failure was shunned. However, most of the focus was on the short rather than long-term success. As a result competition between individuals became acute and everyone more so the senior managers were ready to do anything to â€Å"make it big†, people were motivated by financial gain and consequently a culture of keeping business secrets and hiding losses in fictitious offshore ventures became rampant. Profits were inflated to keep the firm looking successful and even after it was nearly going bust, its shares were selling at $90 and the directors had assured the shareholders they would hit 120 although m ost of them sold off theirs. When Watkins, one of the executives blew the whistle on the illegal financial practices, the share price for the firm went down to $15 and the company declared bankruptcy resulting in millions of shareholder’s money being lost, careers and lives brought to ruin. This was caused by several of the shadows discussed above, by manipulating the accounting books, the leaders practiced deceit, which was copied by their juniors and became prevalent in the entire firm (Barreveld, 2002). Inconsistency was engendered in their tendency to say one thing to shareholders then do another, they promised increased share price but went on with practices

Week 7 Group Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 7 Group - Assignment Example The first, and most important, activity is to classify users into categories and define their duties and rights of access. ABC users can be subdivided into two main categories; ABC staff who include developers and the ABC administration, and the general public which incorporates developers from other companies and ABC clients. Whereas ABC employees have more access to company systems external users get restricted access to these resources. For instance, ABC developers need to have access to secured servers that will allow them to develop new software and be able to post them to less secured public servers from where other developers and software lovers can download software or its source code. A number of servers with different configurations must be employed so as to have a reliable system. An internal CVS server would be necessary to limit access to the company’s most crucial systems to its employees. Its location shall be in a remote location that cannot be easily accessed. It shall also have a live backup system that will be use to back it up in preparation for any failure. This will ensure that there is limited disruption in case the internal CVS server fails (Newman 2010). This server is configured in such a way that it is only accessible within the company network and from recognized and authenticated proxies. In order to make this possible, the system administrator creates a readers file in the servers root. The file defines the read and write permissions for all users and domains that can access it. It also authenticates the users and blocks any unauthorized access. The administrator can also ban some users from accessing the server even if they are company staff. The company will conduct its business using this server. It is necessary to make sure that the server cannot be configured remotely. This ensures

Strategic Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Marketing Management - Essay Example The group was founded in the year 1968 and its first restaurant was opened up in the district of Causeway Bay of Hong Kong in the year 1969. At present, the group has over 540 retail outlets all over the world with its several brands. This paper will deal with the study and analysis of the fast food industry in Hong Kong and accordingly will penetrate into one of the strategic business units of Cafe de Coral. The strategic business units of Cafe de Coral consist of fast food, specialty restaurants, institutional catering, food processing and distribution and overseas. In this research paper, the fast food unit of Cafe de Coral at Hong Kong will be taken up for evaluation. With respect to the analysis of the industry and strategic business unit of Cafe de Coral, specific strategic direction and relevant execution explanation will be provided (Cafe de Coral, 2011). 2.0 Industry Competition The fast food industry competitiveness in Hong Kong will be discussed in this section with refere nce to the Porter’s Five Forces Model. The forces of the model consist of barriers to entry into the Hong Kong’s fast food industry, bargaining power of the buyers in the industry, bargaining power of the suppliers, threat of the substitutes in the industry and the rivalry among the existing players in the industry. 2.1 Threats of New Entrants The threats of the new entrants have to be described in terms of a few aspects for evaluating the factors totally. The aspects are the economies of scale, capital requirements, product differentiation and cost disadvantages. Taking the advantage of the economies of scale, the new entrants interested in the class of limited service restaurants can seek certain favour to economies of scale. But these advantages get weakened by the alleviation of founding a restaurant that provides quick service. Differentiating the products or the fast food being provided is a difficult task in the industry, but for private start-ups this is not a difficulty and thus not a barrier to entry. The requirements of initial capital might repress the development of nation. The cost disadvantages stem from the fact that the established companies in the fast food industry already enjoy the advantage of innovative technology, favourable sites, access to raw materials, experience and government subsidies. There is stiff competition in the Hong Kong fast food industry due to the presence of an enormous number of fast food chains and restaurants. In spite of all these facts, the strategic business unit of Cafe de Coral perceives a high future growth as the receipts of food and beverages have showed upward trend during the past years. From all these analysis, it can be inferred that the entry barriers in the Hong Kong fast food industry is not high and according to the current market condition, the SBU expects growth (ACCA, 2010). 2.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers The Hong Kong fast food industry is characterised by several individual custome rs who place pretty small orders.

Mobile Website Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mobile Website Development - Assignment Example This assignment overviews the topic on mobile devices and talks about the development of a simple mobile website from a third party mobile website template. The difference in expectations of site users and their interaction varies from the site model, in that, website users can move in a pattern that is vertical. This movement tends to be side by side for mobile site users, that is, right for the next page and left to move back to the homepage. The screen resolution for mobile site users is far much smaller. This can make browsing from mobile phone to be a difficult experience. A content designed for the main site will not properly display on a mobile site browser hence the need for changes. On a blog site, it is difficult to access earlier posts as it is not possible to view all the parts of the site on a mobile phone or a small device. Images and page elements meant for main websites can look garishly on mobile phone devices, requiring the need for resizing to fit onto the mobile sites. Design elements like color sheds and contrast are less important, especially for mobile phones with small screens, as information clarity becomes the priority. The designed mobile website target audience is people interested in tourism businesses in Melbourne, Australia. The website is designed to increase accessibility by potential and existing tourists. A mobile website is designed to increase the daily traffic up to 20%. Mobile site users get to see websites that are mobile optimized first before they get to see the normal websites. This gives the mobile sites first priority over the main sites (Mehta, 2008). The fact that mobile phones are available everywhere and are highly portable poses a threat to the existence of use of main computer website access. Advantages and disadvantages of viewing a

Critically analyse the problems involved in Police use of discretion Essay

Critically analyse the problems involved in Police use of discretion - Essay Example In simple terms the use of discretion by police refers to their action and ability to choose when to intervene and when not to intervene in the enforcement of law. Reiner regarded discretion as a particular tool in police organisation to be used by officers at the very ground level who are operating away from the immediate supervision of management This paper shall critically analyse the problems involved in the police use of discretion. It shall specifically discuss the practice of ethnic and other subjective considerations in routine stops and searches, the evaluation of domestic violence incidents, and similar police activities.The use of discretion is far greater in the police, even at their lowest levels, as compared to other organizations. This means that the constables in police enjoy more discretion than any other organisation even in police organisation. This is because the constables have direct interaction with the public while policing and patrolling2. Issues have now com e up in relation to police officers and their need to apply discretion in their activities. Various factors have to be considered in order for the police to decide how much effort is needed in order to enforce specific laws which help control lawlessness. It is also important to note how a comprehensive police guidance detailing the manner of discretion which may be applied in specific circumstances can actually be insufficient for police officers to apply in order to avoid abuse of discretion. In these cases, it is difficult to include all the scenarios where discretion may be utilized in a single book. Moreover, even racial discrimination against racial and ethnic minorities may lead to a misuse of discretion. Nevertheless, according to Goldstein, there are no set rules or even a rule-book to follow for police officers to follow in handling police encounters3. Police officers cannot also be instructed on how to handle specific situations because most of their activities are part o f routine policing where they often work away from supervisory authorities. Body There are various issues which are seen with the use of discretion. One of the issues is based on the fact that police officers may not have as much experience in policing and this may sometimes lead them to misuse their discretion in the apprehension of suspected criminals4. Moreover, their discretion may be affected by factors which include the inappropriate use of subjective and demographic factors to impact on their decisions as police officers. These factors may include racial or ethnic minority and in some cases, even gender. Newburn and Reiner discuss that the pattern of police discretion which lead to issues in its application is fashioned by different elements including class, race, gender, and age5. These factors often cause society to manifest various responses to police officers. Vulnerable people and the minority groups are often subjected to the unfair applications of police discretion. St udies establish that this discretion is often abused among young, black, lower class, and among males6. Patrolling among police officers on these individuals often include strict surveillance which often leads to abuse of discretion. This negative approach in the use of discretion often causes a very negative approach against the police. In a study by the Home Office, black people have a higher likelihood of being pulled over by the police officers for routine stops and searches7. Police officers seem to be highly influenced by the stereotypes about black people being criminals or offenders. In a discussion by author and criminal analyst Frank Remington, he acknowledged the fact that police officers must have a significant role in moulding and establishing a proper law enforcement process for the general population8. He compared the Federal Trade Commission, which is an administrative agency who has the responsibility of developing enforcement policies, and the local police departme nts

Organizational Ethics Issue Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Ethics Issue Resolution - Essay Example However, in today's world, where the scientific world has come of age in its standing vis--vis organization ethics and prevention, subsidiary issues have emerged that are considered to be of prime importance in the realm of ethics. The changes in society and life all around the world have brought about considerable changes in the lifestyles of people. Similarly, the provision of norms has seen its development through the ages, and many additional factors like ethical, legal and professional concerns need to be understood better. The learning outcomes associated with this course are crucially linked to the integral understand of organizational issues and practice. Understanding the domain of every prong individually is of vital importance. As was mentioned earlier, knowledge of ethical issues to the cause of organizational practice has now become imperative. Though universal laws for humanitarianism and morality remain constant for humans, yet there are certain legal implications that are different for certain countries and even states within countries. It must be understood by a professional, that the legal clauses are not a matter of burden, but actually a facilitating and binding factor that ensures that the provision of ethics would be unequivocal and just for all. ... However, despite the magnitude and quality of work that was done at that time, the obvious constraint due to the war was that a systematic procedure for providing ethics cannot be established. Much has changed since then, and the corporate face of the organizations in the changing world has brought about a new shape to the domain of organizational practice. With the inception of concepts like quality and the ISO standards, what the world of today has realized, is that documentation, for any system of work, is not only essential, but is a must. Specifically focusing on the legal and professional issues, it has enabled to understand all the paraphernalia that are associated with the direct management of ethics. Documentation is as important as giving of training to the organization. No scientific analysis in the contemporary world is possible with out the necessary documentation throughput the process. Archival record, current and past medications, and future preventions, all are possible simply because of efficient records. Values Identification Though the importance and significance of the major issues has been established, yet appropriate working with these concerns in minds is still easier said than done. For a new professional, it is extremely important to properly identify with the issues. The ethical and legal concerns are very similar to the organizational ones in their dynamics. For one, the first thing that needs to be done with a organization is appropriate identification with respect to the symptoms. Only a sound knowledge of the traits of a organization and its patterns can help identity for the professional as to what is to be done with it. Similarly, with legal and ethical concerns, the first step is to identify any anomaly in the

Every Act of Terrorism is a Wrongful Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Every Act of Terrorism is a Wrongful Act - Essay Example   The first question is "what is terrorism" and the second question is " can the act of terrorism be morally justified" or to put it on the focus of the paper, whether terrorism is always wrong or not. Philosophers have presented a variety of positions on both questions. With regards to the definition of terrorism, their dominant view looks to allow the core meaning "terrorism" has in universal use. Terrorism is considered as a form of violence (Brzoska 2014, p. 67). A number o definitions stress the experience of fear or terror as the main of that violent act. Neither terror nor violence is inflicted for its own personal sake, but instead for the sake of an unrelated aim like coercion or political goal (Primoratz 2012, p. 23). However, there are definitions, as well, which sever the abstract connection of terrorism with terror or with violence (Wright 2007, p. 21). With regards to the moral stance of terrorism, many philosophers have different opinions on how that is to be determi ned, as well as what the determination is. Consequentialists recommend viewing terrorism, like everything else, taking into consideration its consequences (Walzer 2006, p. 3). Nonconsequentialists claim that its moral stance is not just a matter of what effects, on balance, terrorism has, but is instead determined, whether only or mainly, by what it is. Stances on the ethics of terrorism vary from justification when its effects on balance are upright, or when some deontological moral needs have contended, to its almost absolute, absolute or rejection (Honderich 2004, p. 14). The essay is going to discuss whether terrorism is always wrong.  

Hunting and wolves Essay Example for Free

Hunting and wolves Essay Wolves have unique features; they are smart, sly, and curious, but for many hunters they kill them for their fur. Hunters take wolves and kill them for their fur. For example, the residents of Alaska have the idea that killing wolves are okay. Well, this horrendous and vile act that they are committing should be illegal. This act that they are doing is putting the fate of wolves in a dangerous place and they will be promoting their extinction if they continue doing this. â€Å"Killing Wolves†, by Sherry Simpson will give some examples of the acts these people do in order to kill many of these wolves that are defenseless, and yet get killed; almost to extinction. Wolves are an incredible animal that resides in mountain, forest areas; they mostly resemble the average dog. Wolves are very necessary to balance the ecosystem by naturally controlling the population of animals that eat vegetation. Wolves also help evolution in other species. These creatures are needed by the natural community to maintain the delicate balance of life. Without them, caribou, deer, elk and rabbits and many more animals would clear the land of plants, and the ecosystem would be unable to maintain itself. The wolf population is not even the same size as it was in the historic time, back when they lived in most regions of the United States. State government’s needs to let go of this unnecessary and merciless desire to control the population of animals who are just trying to simply survive. Hunters view this animal as a killing machine and â€Å"it considers them vermin† (Matsuoka). To make the situation worse the government is allowing the states to encourage these hunters to kill these wolves. For example, â€Å"Wisconsin will issue 1,160 permits for 116 animals. Minnesota will issue 6,000 permits for 400 animals† (Peralta). They think by allowing these hunters to kill these wolves is going to be a great benefit for them; when in reality they are driving them closer to extinction. Another example for instance, Simpson states that â€Å"between 6,000 and 7,000 exist in Alaska and hunters trap, shoot or poison wolves† (Simpson 137). This means that by the vile act that these hunters are doing by killing these wolves today’s human society will see the number of wolves in that area will decrease, because of the great impact Congress has made. Congress took them off Endangered Species Act protections from our nation’s wolves, the state government is encouraging people to kill them (Matsuoka). Now hunters can kill up to 220 wolves during hunting season. Their justification for the large killing of wolves is that the wolf population is at a â€Å"healthy† number. This does not give them a valid reason for the unnecessary killing of this poor animal. Wolves have been gunned down by hunters and federal sharpshooters in many areas. Wolves had been hunted for sport to near extinction in the United States. The Endangered Species Act was their saving grace, providing them with protection from hunters under the law. Even though there are some people that have the opportunity to kill the wolves many do not even though the wolves have been taken out of the Act. Simpson had that opportunity, she has been brought up and taught how to kill a wolf, but she states â€Å"I know I will never kill a wolf† (134). She is one of the few people who have gone to schools like Wolf Trapping School and have maintained their mind intact to not kill this creature. She has witnessed how these hunters put â€Å"the trap cloaked beneath the snow† (137) and how wolves unfortunately fall into these traps. She also says that some of these hunters say that these wolves are like puppies but instead they meant that these were â€Å"full-grown but inexperienced wolves† (137). An example of how the hunters kill the wolves are by bringing along a gun and ammunition to hunt wolves. Also hunting rifles are the typical choice, but bow hunting is a popular alternative (Fuller). With this said we can see how these hunters try to make it seem to children that it is ok to kill these wolves; and how from a young age they start to brain-wash these children into committing this disgusting act yet the wolves are still getting killed by these hunters. In the article Petersen’s Hunting, Bob Robb gives six reasons why they should kill wolves. His first statement is that there are â€Å"too many wolves†. This is false since the hunters made sure to almost extinct the wolves. Next his second and third points are â€Å"wolves are decimating ungulate populations† and â€Å"deer and elk are hiding†. A wolfs diet consists of ungulates; which are large, hoofed animals, but hunters, for the sake of not dragging an entire dead deer or elk out into the wilderness, will usually bring cuts of meat from larger prey or meat from smaller prey, wolves will eat gladly (Fuller). These wolves are helping the hunter by not carrying such a heavy load. His fourth is â€Å"wolves love ‘muffy’†. This is right, but if these hunters left them alone and would not make them run to these certain situations these wolves would have the urge to have a meal whether it may be livestock or a domesticated animal. Robb’s last two statements are â€Å"wolves are poster-boy animals† and â€Å"continued litigation†. He says that organizations just tell the government what the hunters are doing to the wolves and they gain money from them. This is false since not only do the organizations provide valid facts and proof to the government to protect the wolves. These hunters just want the opportunity to kill these wolves and almost drive them to extinction. Also, hunters can kill wolves to protect people, property or livestock (Landers). The decision to kill wolves has been very difficult for people because they do provide the warm that is needed when it is cold. After they have stripped the poor wolf’s fur what is done to the rest of the wolf? The carcass of the wolf will be thrown away and they will get more wolves and kill them for the same reason; even if they do not need them anymore for the wolf’s fur. The lifting of the ban has made hunters giddy and excited, because killing a wolf is a once-in-lifetime opportunity (Peralta). The main reason they are like this is partly because of the long-standing ban. These hunters know that wolves are incredibly intelligent animals with a keen sense of smell, so shooting them is very hard and trapping them is also difficult. This makes it seem in their point of view as a game to see if they can handle this challenge they are in. as well as they are spending a lot of money just so they can go and shoot wolves. Now that money will come from permits and licenses; the sale of the permits brought in $202,720 for the government. The sale of license is expected to bring in about $120,000 more (Peralta). Since the government needs more money they are allowing for the evil hunters to kill wolves so that they can get money. There valid and good reasons to kill wolves, yes they do provide warm, and also they can injure a person, but does that mean that we can also kill them for fun? As if was a game to see who can kill the most wolves? They try to give a good reason why they do this. They just want money so they can get out of having money troubles. Since the government knows that these hunters will do anything in order to start shooting at this creature they have set up this plan for the hunters; knowing that they will receive large amount of money. There are organizations that put a halt on their large amount of money they gain, by protecting and giving the wolves a voice. These organizations are the ones give these wolves a voice including ASPCA (The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) and PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). These organizations show many people the cruelty that some people are doing to these animals. They speak the true about how these animals are killed and how the government is allowing these hunters to kill them. Many people may not know what kind of torture this poor animal is going through, but also there are many people that encourage this appalling act just so they can get the latest wolf coat. Now for the grand help these organizations are doing to aid the wolves has made it possible for the wolves to go into some sort of protection until recently. In conclusion, people can see how the killing of wolves is the worst thing they can possibly do. These wolves are very beneficial to have in our ecosystem because they help us and themselves to have and live a better lifestyle. The selfishness from the Congress to remove them from the Endangered Species Act was the most shocking thing they did, because they are giving these states the opportunity to drive these wolves back to extinction. Along with that they are gaining sufficient amount of money from these hunters to hunt which gives the government the money that they need. Killing this creature gives the government a â€Å"justified† reason to start gaining profit from the despicable acts these hunters make. Also thanks to these organizations the wolves have a voice and have a chance to survive and live long enough for the future children to be able to see this majestic creature. There are many people that do live and grow up in this circumstance and some do have a valid reason to kill wolves for their fur, but that does not mean they can promote their extinction. Lastly, this is why these wolves should not be hunted and should be able to go back into their natural habitat without having to worry that a hunter or hunter’s trap will kill them. Works Cited Fuller, John. How Wolf Hunting Works. HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, 30 June 2011. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. Landers, Rich. Groups Write Governor to Protest Killing wolves. Spokesman. com. The Spokesman Review, 25 Aug. 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. Matsuoka, Rachel. The Environment Wildlife Cause. Western States Killing Wolves By the Hundreds. Care 2, 21 Dec. 2011. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. Peralta, Eyder. Fair Game: Wolf Hunting Begins In Wisconsin, Minnesota. NPR. NPR, 15 Oct. 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. Robb, Bob. 6 Reasons We Should Kill Wolves. Petersens Hunting. Petersens Hunting, 02 Nov. 2011. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. Simpson, Sherry. Killing Wolves. In Fact: The Best of Creative Nonfiction. Ed. Lee Gutkind. New York: W. W. Norton , 2005. 133-62. Print.

Airframe Structure Failure and Survivability Essay Example for Free

Airframe Structure Failure and Survivability Essay There are many different variables that come into play during an aircraft accident. It is an investigators job to find out what caused the failure. Failure of an aircraft primary structure is ranked high on the list of risks aircrews would rather not face. Mechanical component failure which can lead to loss of control of the aircraft is not far behind. Another issue which must be addressed in any aircraft accident is the question and of crash survivability. Even if no one was injured the investigator must find out what worked and what didnt. If there were injuries, several questions should be asked. The chapters I will be covering will give the investigator a look into what causes structural failure, and how to determine crash survivability. An aircraft accident investigators job is to determine what caused the crash. Structural failure is a vital part of the investigation. The term structure failure means where the material fails to carry below it was intended to carry. A structure can fail in one of two general ways. One way is it can be fractured, which means broken into two or more pieces. Another way is when the structure shape is changed so that it can no longer carry its load. With this kind of failure, the structure is still in one piece. It could be bent, stretched, corroded, or so worn that it can no longer do its intended job. Over the next few pages, I will be going into detail about the different ways structures can fail. There are many reasons why an airplane structure can fail. As I have just gone over a few in the last paragraph, there are many different ways this can happen. In chapter 35, the book talks about overload. This is, when an in-flight load exceeds the weight the part was designed for. All structures to include bridges, buildings or airplanes are created to withstand only specific loads. It is unrealistic to assume that airplanes can be designed and built to withstand any conceivable load it can experience. If a structure is exposed to a load greater than which it was designed for, it will structurally fail. Be it deforming, or fracturing into two or more pieces. These are two general reasons why aircraft structures fail. Aircraft structures are designed to withstand loads generated by air at some maximum airspeed and the loads generated while maneuvering at some G load. Most aircraft can be flown at speeds and G loads which can place excessive loads on the aircraft structure. Aircraft that is directly exposed to onrushing air could be damaged as the dynamic pressure of the air stream is converted to static pressure pressing inward on the structure. Excessive speed can reduce the airplanes stability. The bottom line is that a lot of bad things can happen when an aircraft exceeds it’s redline airspeed. One of the clearest reasons for failure of a structural component is that the component lacked the proper strength to withstand the loads created while the aircraft is flown at its normal operating limits. There are numerous reasons why a structural component could be understrength. It is possible that the engineering of the structure was inadequate. The designer could have possibly made an error which was not caught during the testing phase. Another reason could be that wear and tear caused a weakening to the structure. Service life issues are normally divided into four sub areas; fatigue cracking, corrosion, wear and creep. The four of these progressive failures which cannot be undone as the aircraft accumulates flight hours ground-air-ground cycles. An aircraft structure can be weakened in a somewhat short period of time. Exposure to heat can greatly reduce a metals strength. For example, some aluminum alloys that are exposed to temperatures of 400Â ° for 5 minutes can reduce the alloys strength by 80%. Jet engine hot sections and compressor bleed airlines are made of materials such as stainless steel or titanium alloys which maintain most of their strength in relatively high temperatures. This problem happens when structure which is not been designed for high temperature is exposed to high temperatures. Some aircraft which can reach high supersonic speeds require the leading edge structures to be able to withstand the extremely high temperatures generated at these speeds. There are two general areas when it comes to aircraft structures. You have a primary structure, and a secondary structure. The primary structure is parts of the aircraft that are necessary to safely fly its mission. The following components are normally considered to be part of the primary structure: wing structure, fuselage structure carrying flight, ground and cabin pressurization loads, empennage, landing gear structure, engine mounts and supporting structure. The primary structures can be further sub categorized as either critical structure or principal structure elements. Critical elements are those whose failure would result in catastrophic failure of the aircraft. Principal elements are those that contribute significantly to carrying flight, ground and pressurization loads whose failure could or could not result in catastrophic failure. The following components are considered to be the secondary structure: aerodynamic fairings, tail cones, and landing gear doors. There are other mechanical components which carry flight critical loads. Even though these components have failure modes that are closely related to those exhibited by the primary and secondary structures, they do not fall into either of those categories. Components like hydraulic pressure lines, drive shafts, electric alternators, and gear teeth in transmissions all have modes of failure which can give clues concerning the nature of the loads which caused them to fail. In aircraft accident investigator will have a firm understanding of the loads that airplane structured caries and the physical evidence that these loads leaves behind when they fail. The many types of loads are vectors and have both magnitude and direction. You can change the load by either changing its magnitude, for example increasing or decreasing the pounds of force being applied, or by changing its direction by applying force upward instead of down. Loads can take a finite length of time to be imposed. Even though loads can be applied in a very short period of time they can be applied or changed instantaneously. The fact that loads take time to apply and or change is important for the accident investigator understand. The book separates loads into three general areas; static loads, dynamic loads, and repeated loads. Knowing the difference between the three types is important because the nature of the load has a lot to do with the failure of the structure and the evidence left behind. If a load were applied so slowly that the structure to which the load was being applied to stayed equal at all times the load would be considered a static load. A static load can be either for short or long period of time. A dynamic load happens when the loads are applied fast enough to prevent the structure from carrying the load while remaining in equilibrium as the load is being applied. Dynamic loads can be divided into two subcategories, sudden, and impact. A sudden load will impose stronger internal stresses in the structure. Components such as landing gear are tested with dynamic loads. Impact loads are applied at faster rates than sudden, causing the structure to fracture almost every time. Impact loads are usually limited to high-speed bird impacts and crash tests. Repeated loads are just like they sound, loads that are repeated over and over again. Due to the behavior of dynamic impacts and longtime static loads, it makes them unlikely candidates for repeated loads. Short time static and sudden dynamic loads can be repeated over and over again. If a component goes through lots of repeated load cycles before it fails due to fatigue cracking it is said to have experienced high cycle fatigue. By lots of cycles the book means hundreds of thousands or millions or tens of millions of cycles. One of the ways investigators look at structure failure is to consider the time it took for the failure to occur. If the failure happened at the instance of a single load, it is called an instantaneous failure. If the failure took a period of time to occur, that is called a progressive failure. If a structural component contained a load that caused significant distortion, but did not exceed the materials yield stress, and the structure springs back to its original shape after the load is removed is called an elastic deformation/distortion failure. Now if the same events occur and the structure does not spring back to its original shape after the load is removed, that is called plastic deformation/distortion. This is a permanent shape change, unlike the elastic which is a temporary shape change. Now if the load reaches the point where internal stresses not only cause significant plastic deformation, they exceed the materials ultimate stress, the structure will then fracture and separate into two or more pieces. This is called a fracture failure. An experienced investigator can tell the difference between the five different types of structural failure. Another form that causes structural failures is corrosion. Corrosion is the natural disintegration of material as it is attacked by one or more substances in its environment. During the refining process, energy is added to metal ores and other raw materials in order to produce the mechanical properties necessary in structural components. Mother Nature the great equalizer, doesnt like variances in energy levels and sets to work trying to bring the material back to the low energy levels existing in the products of corrosion. When it comes to aircraft structural components, mother natures attack will reduce the strength and ductility of components turning strong metals into meek metallic oxides, hydroxides or sulfates. If these compounds are not removed from the structure they can worsen the problem by providing an environment which is ever more favorable to continued corrosion. There are many different forms of corrosion. Some can be the result of a direct chemical attack by reactive substances in the environment. Pitting is a common form of corrosion. Small holes that are randomly located across the metal surface are called pits and sometimes may be accompanied with a powdery residue. Even though pits may appear to have damaged only a small percentage of the surface, they penetrate deeply in a branching matter causing loss of strength and ductility which is way out of proportion to metals surface appearance. Chemical corrosion involves the reaction between a metal structure and some chemical agent. If you introduce corrosive acid on a metal wing, the acid and the metal will react to form new and undesirable compounds. A selective attack is when corrosive actions seem to favor one part of the components or assembly above another. The primary type of selective attack is intergranular corrosion. This type of attack centers on the grain boundaries with in a metal component before consuming the grains themselves. Similar to pitting the damage from this kind of attack causes a loss of strength and ductility which is out of portion the amount of metal that is corroded. Another form intergranular corrosion is exfoliation, whose progress and go undetected until all structural integrity is lost. Grain boundaries attacked by this type of corrosion are normally flattened and or elongated grains of extruded or rolled metals. This type of corrosion can move undetected along the grain boundaries. Slow removal of material from the surface of the component by a mechanical action is referred to as wear. In most cases wear is undesirable, wear during break in on new or overhauled equipment is often a necessary ingredient in establishing proper operation and long service life. The type of wear the book talks about is the kind that leads to premature failure and breakdown. Abrasive wear happens when small abrasive particles cut into and remove material from surfaces of two components which are held together while moving. When this type of wear happens one question an investigator must ask is, where did the particles come from? Adhesive wear occurs when microscopic projections of the surfaces of the two components which are sliding across each other may contact, weld together and break off. A question that an investigator can ask is was the surface lubricated? Erosive wear is similar to abrasive wear in that foreign particles are cutting tiny chunks out of the surface. Its a little different from abrasive wear in that the abrasive particles gain their penetrating energy by a fluid that is carrying them along. How did the particles enter into the fluids is a question an investigator could pose. To prevent structure failure, the components go through an inspection called non-destructive inspection (NDI). NDI are inspection techniques which will not do significant harm to the object being inspected. Other names for this type of inspection is called non-destructive evaluation (NDE) or non-destructive testing (NDT). There are six specific techniques for these inspections. First, visual inspection is the simplest form and most common of the NDI process and uses your God-given gift of sight. To assist this type of inspection, illumination, magnification, and remote viewing are used to help. Another type is dye penetrant. This inspection is used to detect small surface cracks and discontinuities which may not be visible during strictly visual inspections. This technique is simple, but time-consuming. The component being inspected is covered with a colored liquid which is absorbed into surface cracks. The liquid includes a phosphorescent material which when exposed to ultraviolet light glows in the dark so small surface cracks are visible to the naked eye. Magnetic particle inspection provides another way to assist the eye by increasing the conspicuity of a surface crack. This process requires more specialized equipment then the dye penetrant process, it makes the crack even more obvious if properly used. This inspection makes use of the fact that when a magnetic field is induced in a component made of Ferro-magnetic material, surface cracks will alter the components magnetic field. When magnetic particles are placed on a magnetized surface it will align themselves along the magnetic field showing any variations caused by the cracks. If the magnetic particles are phosphorescent and viewed in a dark room under an ultraviolet light pattern around the cracks will be more visible. Eddy current is the first technique that is discussed that does not require direct viewing of the crack. This process involves the use of a probe to generate both an electromagnetic field and sense and evaluate the Eddy current generated in the material being inspected. When either or surface or near surface cracks are in the material it will alter the shape of the Eddy current and magnetic field it generates. This can be as simple as a twitch on a meters needle. The equipment needed for this type of inspection must be calibrated for the specific design being inspected and the size of the crack being search. Ultrasonic inspections make use of high-frequency sound to find surface and subsurface defects. The high-frequency sound waves are generated by a transducer and then beamed through the part being inspected. The reflective waves or the remnants of waves which penetrate the part are being measured with a receiver and electronically evaluated. There are two different ways the sound waves can be applied to and retrieved from the part being inspected; immersion of the part into a fluid which carries the sound waves to and from the part and direct contact inspection where the transducer and receiver are in direct contact with the part. The direct contact technique is much more mobile allowing use in the field of the aircraft or major fabrications. Radiographic inspection in its simplest form is not much different than that of an x-ray. Very short wave electromagnetic radiation are generated and directed through the part being inspected and towards unexposed radiographic film. Rays passing through cracks, flaws, voids and corroded areas will not be attenuated as much as raise passing through sound material. To the untrained eye, cracks, flaws, voids and corrosion may appear to be just another shadow on the film. Orientation of the x-rays so as to illuminate the discontinuities and proper interpretation of the film are therefore important aspects in ensuring the thoroughness of the inspection. One of the issues which must be addressed in any aircraft accident is a question of crash survivability. Even if no one was injured, the question of what worked and what didnt work should always be asked. Did the restraint systems operate as designed? Whether or not escape hatches were needed, could they have been opened if needed? Did the emergency lighting system work? How crash survival equipment is designed is based on experience, history, and sound engineering judgment. To know if these components work correctly design requires an accident for verification. The accident is a chance to validate our judgment and we cannot afford to pass it up. To make investigation of aircraft crashes a little easier requires a systematic approach by breaking down a complicated series of events into smaller, more digestible bites. The approach chapter 36 goes over is the CREEP method. CREEP stands for: Container, Restraint, Energy absorption, Environment, and Post-crash factors. The first four of the five CREEP elements relate to the dynamic portion of the crash itself. These four factors are concerned with the initial and any subsequent impacts with the terrain, the associated deceleration forces acting on the aircraft and its current occupants, and the deformation and dislocation of aircraft structure and its contents. The fifth factor relates to the occupants attempts to egress the aircraft before suffering additional injuries not directly resulting from the dynamic portion of the crash. In order to survive a crash it is first necessary to provide a living space for the occupants during the dynamic portion of the crash. If the space is crushed or punctured, the chances of survival fall drastically. This factor is container. Now if the occupants have been provided with adequate living space, the next series of questions should deal with the restraint of the crew and its passengers and equipment and components around them. Occupants of any moving vehicle must be protected from injuring collisions with in the vehicle, for example being thrown against the sides of the living space or having objects such as cargo or equipment thrown at them. The strength of all restraints should be sufficient to prevent injury at the force levels which can be expected during the most severe but survivable crash. The investigator should examine all restraints system failures to determine if there failure contributed to injuries experienced by the crew or passengers. The deceleration forces created during a crash may be high enough to cause fatal or serious injuries, even if a safe living space, adequate crew and passenger restraints, and a delethalized flailing envelope are provided. Since crew and passenger bodies are not strongly attached to the airframe, the design of the aircraft structure and seeds may cause the acceleration forces experienced by the crew and passengers to be either amplified or attenuated. A soft deep seat cushion can greatly amplified the vertical Gs experienced by someone sitting in the seat. The deep seat cushion deforms at high loads absorbing energy as it gives can greatly reduce the vertical crash loads to which a seat occupant is subjected. Hopefully, the designers will build a secure box around the crew and passengers and secure them to it. Although we may be able to restrain the torso, it is normally impractical to secure the head and limbs of the crew and passengers. The volume through which the unrestrained extremities can be expected to move shouldve been the legalized to the maximum degree possible. Obstructions which could cause injury should either remove from within the flailing envelope or padded to reduce the severity or probability of injury. This is the environment that the creep method covers. All too commonly, crew or passengers survived the dynamic portion of the crash, only to suffer additional injuries or death when they are unable to safely exit the aircraft in a timely manner. The two primary factors in the causation of fatalities during otherwise survivable crashes is, post-crash fire and inability to quickly exit the damaged aircraft. Fire is the most significant post-crash hazard by a long shot. Not only can the fire kill and injure directly through heat, the toxic fumes and smoke produced when material and the aircraft interior burn are more often the direct cause of death. This post-crash condition is a top priority in controlling to prevent death. Design of airplane exits is predicated on the normal parked attitude and configuration. Obviously, this is not always the case. Sometimes occupants will have to exit from an airplane that is an abnormal attitude and perhaps in a very unusual configuration. Part 125 airplanes have specific emergency exit acquirements levied on them, many general aviation airplanes have only one exit which can be easily jammed in the airplane ends up inverted. In conclusion, nobody is expert on all types of structural failures. With so many different variables, it takes a highly detailed investigator to pinpoint what kind of failure causes a crash. And without a systematic approach of investigation of a crash, the investigators are left with an accident that is difficult to determine whether or not the occupants should have survived the impact.

Causes And Prevention Of Child Abuse Social Work Essay

Causes And Prevention Of Child Abuse Social Work Essay Many difficulties stem from the victims that have faced and will face child abuse and neglect on a daily basis. The research into the root causes, effects, intervention, and prevention of child abuse and neglect has become abundant to the point, that it is unclear as to which approach would be most successful in curbing the tide of child violence and neglect. A thorough analysis of the research that is currently available helped to enable finding options for addressing the problem, how early prevention works, warning signs to look out for, and effective programs developed for schools. To properly evaluate how effective the current wellness programs in preventing or treating victims of child abuse and neglect, it is important to first define what the issue entails. Each State provides its own definitions of child abuse and neglect based on minimum standards set by Federal law. Federal legislation lays the groundwork for States by identifying a minimum set of acts or behaviors that def ine child abuse and neglect (Child Welfare Information Gateway). An essential aspect of the Federal government, in this sense, is to define the laws broadly so that the states can make more stringent regulations as they see fit. The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act as amended by the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003, defines child abuse and neglect as, at minimum: Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm (Ibid). Uniting a movement to improve programs and literature so the issue can be prevented from occurring to a child is paramount to a youths development in any region of the world. It is therefore extremely important to note the issues early, so that possible victims and caretakers can be proactive versus reactive. Examination of child abuse and neglect victims in the field of psychology has shown that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦problems with self-management, impulse control, frequent anger outbursts, substance abuse, developmental delays, antisocial [behavior], [as well as] difficulty with concentrating in school and symptoms of psychopathology, for example, depression, psychotic disorder (Christoffersen DePanfilis, 2009, p. 32). These symptoms cannot always be avoided, no matter what treatment is applied later, which is the reason that early education is crucial. Developing a holistic approach to treat such conditions early on and to continue to monitor, as well as, educate participants is definitely the best route to take, but it can also be expensive and possibly unaffordable. Research Figures Statistics about child abuse and neglect victims help lay a foundation of what factors are in the equation in order for appropriate policy, regulations, and campaigns to be produced. Mogans Christoffersen and Diane DePanfilis journal article, Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect and Improvements in Child Development (2009), studied whether an improvement in mental development of children could be enriched by the reduction of certain abuse and neglect conditions. Their research indicated that, 70 percent of children in the study who had been exposed to physical abuse were exposed to psychological maltreatment as well, while 73 percent of the children who had not been exposed to physical abuse did not experience psychological maltreatment (Christoffersen DePanfilis, 2009, p. 31). Another even more concerning topic is the underreporting with some of the conditions or stimuli found in their research. They found that, child abuse and neglect on the basis of recorded files may underestim ate the number of abused children in the community, (Ibid, p. 37) because of the ramifications of such actions. Child victims can sometimes fear reporting because of not wanting to get in trouble, as well as, adults that fear that they could cause a child to be taken away from his or her family. Preparedness for addressing these types of frequently asked questions should be a key aspect of treatment for victims. The article indicated that a comprehensive assessment should specify the treatment because different types of abuse and neglect require different types of interventions (Ibid, p. 38). Maltreatment of children has numerous more categories than just abuse or neglect. Therefore, a tailored treatment to the situation needs to be used; otherwise the intervention part of treatment will be inadequate. Policymakers and researchers have found that child abuse affects the development of a number of mental and physical factors in a child, which may not be apparent at first glance. While physical abuse might be the most visible sign, other types of abuse, such as emotional abuse or child neglect, also leave deep, long lasting scars (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010). It was found that, our failure as a nation to implement effective policies and strategies to prevent child abuse and neglect costs taxpayers $104 billion per year and does not consider the personal toll on the victimized child (Hmurovich, 2009, p. 12). In these studies, it became apparent that the effects of not attempting to discuss this issue more have adversely affected all of the stakeholders involved. It is therefore within the best interest of the United States, as well as, many countries around the world to be more mindful of the problem. The old adage, timing is everything is crucial to the matter of early intervention and prevention services. A reason for this is, the earlier abused children get help, the greater chance they have to heal from their abuse and not perpetuate the cycle (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010). What may shock many people about this issue is the people that are generally involved in these matters already know each other. About, 95 percent of the sexual abuse of youngsters is done by family members, those who work with children, or those who know them. Current information indicates that strangers essentially make up about 5 percent of the reported documented cases (Friedman, 2010). The stigma that ensues for parents of child abuse victims is that they do want their childs past to follow them around for the rest the childs life. Caretakers and parents of many children might prefer to use alternative methods to resolve the matter in a private way so as to not have it show up anywhere on the childs per sonal record (Ibid). This form of underreporting unfortunately allows the criminal to continue to repeat his or her actions and not get punished (Ibid). It is the responsibility of the community to be a sort of checks and balances to counteract this type of disregard for the greater good of their municipality. Putting research into action, enough to make a significant difference, is the next logical step for thwarting child abuse and neglect. An abused childs life can be and will be forever changed after the action that occurs. Much of the research in academia about the matter, [shows] a strong correlation between child abuse and neglect and debilitating and chronic health consequences, delinquency, criminal behavior, mental health illness, drug dependency and lower academic performance (Hmurovich, 2009, p. 12). The result is a child that has unnecessary issues, which could have been avoided with earlier treatment. In the United States, abuse and neglect is a high enough concern, for the general populace, that it justifies talking and working with families and providers about what they can do. Emotional distress from unpermitted behavior of a penalizing adult or older child always causes deep impacts in the community at large (Friedman, 2010). The community has to therefore communicate wit h children at different stages in the education process. Addressing the Problems A multifaceted approach of, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦child abuse and neglect prevention must be understood uniformly and the message must be to prevent child abuse and neglect from ever happening. To implement a national child abuse and neglect prevention policy, it is essential that funding streams be assessed and then realigned (Hmurovich, 2009, p. 12). After finding where and how much cash will be needed to provide the solutions to the problem it is necessary to make a strategic plan of how to implement the changes. An integral part of the strategic plan should be training community members, specifically youths, in ways to be sensitive to the problems of child abuse and neglect. Training methods can be divided into two distinct groups: information-based approaches and behavioral skills training programs. In information-based approaches information is presented verbally by the trainer or through the use of a video, play, or activity book (Kopp Miltenberger, 2009, p. 193). In information-bas ed training the material that children learn include, how to prevent attacks or abuse, and then are tested to see if they retained the information (Ibid). The other approach known as behavior skills training seeks to see how well a child has retained information by having them perform specific actions. Children in behavioral skills training programs are presented with similar information; however, behavioral skills training programs emphasize active rehearsal of skills by the participants (Kopp Miltenberger, 2009, p. 193). At the moment, there is no foolproof method to determining which families in communities are at higher risk for child abuse and neglect (McCurdy, 1995). There are no social, economic, gender, racial, or political barriers that can properly be correlated or connected with the type of person that will commit such behavior. Since the act of abusing a child seems to cross all barriers; it becomes paramount to find ways to strongly address this issue. Coordinated efforts have been established to try and see if there is a connection between any particular groups of people other than by demographic. The results were definitive, but are not quite as simple to recognize as a standard indicator. A plethora of, theoretical models exist that suggest that certain personal, familial, and environmental factors contribute to an increased likelihood of maltreatment. For example, learning theories suggest that individuals who have been raised in abusive or neglectful environments or have had limited experiences with positive relationships are likely to replicate these parenting behaviors with their own children (Ibid). Models however are only one aspect of the comprehensive effort to reducing the epidemic of child abuse and neglect that occurs in the United States every day. Not only is it surprising that it is usually a family member or close friend of the child that performs the malicious act of child abuse and/or neglect, but also stress can cause onset reactions towards underlying motivations to the action. Individuals under stress or lacking the emotional or financial capacity to deal with the demands of child rearing may lash out at their children. Still others argue that social policies that fail to nurture positive human interactions and leave communities without adequate social, health, or educational infrastructures create an environment ripe for abusive and violent behaviors (Ibid). On the neglect side of the issue, there are also many warning signs that the community needs to examine. An example could be that a home is normally empty with no adult supervision, while the children in the household cause issues in the community or the streets (Pennsylvania Family Support Alliance). Whether it is abuse or neglect that a community is dealing with, it is always crucial to start interpreting the root causes sooner rather than later. Early Prevention Recognizing the signs of abuse before they become a problem that can be solved without criminal or legal action can usually help people have a greater ability to cope. Moreover, it is useful to demonstrate to communities across the country that abuse and neglect are a global problem, and not just one found in the United States (Phakathi, 2009). If the issue were to hit closer to home such as a, husband or boyfriend of the victims mother, than it would not be as hard for the family to notice sexual abuse, according to a study done by the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) in association with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States of America (Ibid). Conversely in the same study it was found that, emotional abuse typically came from female relatives (Ibid). Naturally the information found from the study can be used to help recognize and prevent some of the frequently caused risk factors associated with abuse. In order to avoid the externalities that face communities if they do not take a path towards early intervention and prevention, it is helpful to remind them of the loved ones that are in danger if appropriate actions are not taken. Moreover, the pictures of missing children that appeared on milk cartons, billboards, and telephone books were and are constant reminders that untold numbers of children have disappeared, some possibly becoming victims of sexual abuse (Reppucci Haugaard, 1989, p. 1266). Reporting improper conduct can be a difficult aspect to swallow for those that are most at risk because they may not be mature enough to comprehend the gravity of the situation (Ibid). First, the child must recognize that he or she is in an abusive situation. Then the child must believe that he or she can and should take some sort of action. Finally, the child must possess and use specific self-protective skills (Ibid, p. 1267). According to the article Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse: My th or Reality by Reppucci and Haugaard (1989) they found that in order for programs to be effective they must also be age appropriate. Warning Signs Being highly perceptive to the needs of a community or to the needs of an individual child takes training and some common sense. A greater awareness cannot only save the lives of some but improve the lives of many. The research done from the website Helpsite.org on the topic of child abuse and neglect sheds some light on the subject. The warning signs that a child might exhibit include: Lack of trust and relationship difficulties Abuse by a primary caregiver damages the most fundamental relationship as a child that [they] will safely, reliably get [his or her] physical and emotional needs met by the person who is responsible for [his or her] care. Without this base, it is very difficult to learn to trust people or know who is trustworthy. This can lead to difficulty maintaining relationships due to fear of being controlled or abused. It can also lead to unhealthy relationships because the adult doesnt know what a good relationship is (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010). Core feelings of being worthless or damaged [Many are] told over and over again as a child that [they] are stupid or no good, it is very difficult to overcome these core feelings. [The child] may experience them as reality. Adults may not strive for more education, or settle for a job that may not pay enough, because they dont believe they can do it or are worth more (Saisan, Smith, Segal, 2010). Trouble regulating emotions Abused children cannot express emotions safely. As a result, the emotions get stuffed down, coming out in unexpected ways. Adult survivors of child abuse can struggle with unexplained anxiety, depression, or anger. They may turn to alcohol or drugs to numb out the painful feelings (Ibid). Prevention Programs Child abuse prevention efforts are of 3 general typesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦primary prevention effortsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [which] address a broad segment of the population (such as all new parents), secondary prevention efforts, such as the home visitation (or nurse-family partnership) programà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦target a specific subset of the population considered to be at higher risk for child maltreatment, [and] tertiary prevention efforts target perpetrators of child maltreatment and seek primarily to prevent recidivism (Dias, et al., 2005). The most commonly used programs that fall under primary prevention are student education programs done in public schools. These programs are extremely popular, because they teach children at a very early age what abuse really is, and how to protect themselves against it. Because child abuse prevention education can be a very frightening introduction to sexual issues, (Whatley Trudell, 1988) many of these school based programs are taught as part of a larger p ersonal safety or health and wellness course. This also eases some parents objections that the subject matter is too intense for small children. In addition to arguments regarding subject matter, there are also opponents of school based abuse prevention instruction that feel these programs implicitly challenge the sanctity of the family (Whatley Trudell, 1988) by taking the power to educate children away from the parents. These detractors are in the minority, however, and as of 1991, 61% of all elementary schools report[ed] offering some kind of preventive education (Plummer, 2001). While these programs are popular with public schools nationally, Indiana itself has no law mandating sex abuse education courses, and there is no uniformity among the schools that do teach it. Some education classes are taught as aforementioned, in connection with the health and safety curriculum by the students teacher, while others are only taught briefly, during a special presentation for the class o r the entire school. Still other public schools, and many private schools do not teach the curriculum at all, due to limited funds, lack of staff, lack of trained staff, topic not viewed as a high priority, topic should be addressed by parents, [or] counselors handle the problem when necessaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Lanning Massey-Stokes, 2006). Another common form of primary prevention efforts focus on educating the parents about child neglect, child abuse, and sexual abuse, before an incident arises; often before a child is even born. Because the highest percentage of victims of maltreatment are under the age of one (Wu, et al., 2004), many preventative programs seek to educate parents on how to deal with excessive crying, stress, or post-partum emotions before the birth of the child. One program, utilized in 16 New York hospitals required all families to undergo a Shaken Baby Syndrome tutorial, with bilingual leaflets, a short video, and a question and answer session with a nurse before they were permitted to be discharged (Dias, et al., 2005). Each parent also had to sign a contract stating that they had received the tutorial and understood the dangers of shaking their child. Evaluation of this program revealed that there was a statistically significant reduction in infant maltreatment, and more specifically Shaken Baby Syndrome among recipients of this educational program. There are other preventative programs for expectant teenage mothers, and even parenting education courses offered at many high schools. The state of Indiana offers public high school students a course titled Child Development and Parenting, which covers all aspects of parenting from nurturing a child, to how much money is necessary to meet the needs of a child, as well as how to handle stressful situations in a calm manner (Education, 2005). Many other primary preventative programs assist parents to maintain an adequate standard of parenting by providing parents with information about the challenges of parenting and the skills they need to parent effectively, and by enhancing their access to social supports (Tomison, 1998). These programs not only offer skills training and counseling, but partner with other government and non-governmental organizations that provide welfare services such as WIC, food stamps, and job training courses to help prevent the poverty and hopelessness that can lead to child neglect or abuse. There are also programs that offer education about sex abuse to parents, to help reiterate what their children are taught in school about the subject. Many parents do want to discuss this topic with their children, but studies have shown that many are ill informed about the subject, and may pass on incorrect information to their children. Parents often believe, and tell their children that child molesters are always male, and always strangers, when in fact, most abuse is perpetrated by someone the child knows quite well, who could be either male or female (Wurtele Kenny, 2010). Parents can also endanger their child when explaining what to do in a potential abuse situation. Many parents will tell their child to first say no or try to get away, but some parents will even tell their child to fight back against an abuser, which could have potentially life-threatening results. These educational programs can also inform parents what to do if they believe a child is being sexually abused. According to Wurtele, a study of parents who did not attend child abuse prevention workshops showed that parents more often mentioned notifying the victims parents or the abusers employer in response to a disclosure ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ child sexual abuse, (Wurtele Kenny, 2010) instead of notifying child protective services or the police department, which would have been the correct approach. Educating parents about sexual abuse not only gives them a better understanding of the truth about molestation, but also shows them the proper steps to take when confronted with abuse, and how to pass on correct information to their children. Secondary preventative efforts, or programs that target a specific at-risk sub-population are usually in home visitation programs where a social worker or trained nurse will visit the family and offer parent education and/or family support including information on health, nutrition and safety, and advice on the mother-child interactionand may also monitor the childs wellbeing and assist families to connect to other services and resources (Kovacs, 2003). Families that are selected for secondary preventative efforts are usually either identified as high risk for possible maltreatment, or have had issues of abuse previously and are being monitored by child protective services or another non-governmental agency. In the state of Indiana, Healthy Families Indiana uses a multi-tiered assessment process using participation in WIC and other state funded assistance programs, along with other variables to determine if a family falls under the high risk category, and thus into the voluntary home visitation program (IN.Gov, 2010). These programs help to reduce the stress of the parents, while simultaneously giving them the tools needed to get out of the high risk category through career training, monetary support with WIC and other welfare programs, and development of parenting skills. These visitations also allow the social worker to carefully monitor the child and the home for any signs of neglect or maltreatment before they arise or quickly enough afterward to begin counseling and limit the emotional or physical damage. Finally, tertiary prevention efforts are there to help families that have already suffered from a form of child abuse, and to prevent further abuse, or recidivism, from occurring. These programs are mostly state agencies such as child protective services, which monitor families much in the same way that they are monitored in the home visitation programs. The only difference is that this intervention is not voluntary on the part of the family, and the families are selected based on the specific criteria that abuse has already occurred in some form within the home, making these families even more at risk than any other group (Dias, et al., 2005). While there are distinct differences in the structure, targeted audience, and accessibility of each of the types of prevention efforts, all three have a common problem: awareness. Many organizations, especially non-profit organizations, are either ill equipped monetarily or lack the necessary marketing skills to advertise their programs within the community, and therefore fail to reach families that desperately need their services (Kovacs, 2003). Marketing outlets such as brochures, flyers, television and radio ads, as well as billboards not only increase awareness about the programs in a specific area, but also about the issue of child abuse, how important it is, and how it can and needs to be prevented. The Basics of Nonprofit Marketing In order understand why a public education campaign would be useful, appropriate, and feasible to a nonprofit organizations cause, one must first have some background information on how campaigns fit into the overall marketing strategy for an organization (Andreasen, 2008). Public Education Campaigns Public education campaigns send messages to target audiences in order raise awareness of social issues, change beliefs, and in some cases inspire a behavioral change (Tabachnick, 2001). The goal of a public education campaign is to motivate people and to change social behaviors and norms (Pollard, 2006). Public education campaigns are very important, because raising awareness around issues leads to behavioral and attitude changes, which leads to changes in actions and community norms (Tabachnick, 2001). For example, a child abuse and neglect prevention campaign geared towards adults could educate adults about what the signs of abuse are, then they can start to look for or identify possible signs of abuse when working with children, and eventually they will start to take action and call authorities when neglect happens, or talk with parents before the abuse even takes place. Specifically, a child abuse and neglect prevention campaign can translate complicated messages into specific, easily understood, messages about prevent, they can also reach a wider audience and educate more individuals. Once the campaign is actually implemented, it can reduce the marketing and communications staff time, because the messages are out there and going viral, the research, messages, and implementation strategies can also be reused for long-term projects (Ibid). In order to be upfront and proactive, it is important to address some of the drawbacks of public awareness campaigns. First of all, a successful and effective campaign will take many hours of staff time researching, planning and coordinating. Many organizations decide to work with a marketing and public relations firm to conduct their campaigns as to not take their staff away from every day duties (Ibid). In fact, some research suggests that it is a must for an individual to have worked with an advertising agency for a successful campaign. An ad agency represents a concentration of creative talent, production skills and proven marketing success, and they are skilled at analyzing public trends and communicating with specific target audiences. A public institution is unlikely to have these skills (Murray Seabeastan). Secondly, campaigns using mass media may not connect with every audience member. Some may feel that the message is not geared toward them and are not relevant. Often time s campaign messages are too complicated and confuse people with new concepts and requests. The golden rule in this instance should be less is more (Ibid). Another drawback is that campaigns can be very difficult to assess their effectiveness. One cannot easily judge how many drove by and actually read a billboard, watched the PSA, listened and remembered the radio ad, etc. This can be very costly to assess who was affected positively by the campaign in large communities (Tabachnick, 2001). Best Practices in Public Education Campaigns There are several ways to conduct public education campaigns, and in fact, there is no one right way. All organizations research, plan, implement and evaluate their campaigns very differently, and have different resources, inputs, and experts guiding this process. However, through research, there are several best practices that have emerged to conduct an impactful and lasting public education campaign. Some of the best practices include: identifying the scope and location, researching the target audiences, messaging, goals, implementation steps, evaluation techniques, updates on campaign, and conducting a reminder campaign. Stop It Now!, a national child sexual abuse prevention program with affiliates in several states, did a great job creating local campaigns and identifying the correct scope for each location. Each of their public education campaigns conducted were based off of their local needs, local stakeholders and had a local look and feel in regards to messaging. Examples of focus areas and specific target audiences messaging for different state campaigns include: Georgias focus is on bystanders caring adults in a position to help, Virginias focus trusting your gut, Philadelphias focus is on warning signs, and Minnesotas focus is on targeting the challenged population. Focusing on local audiences avoids stereotypes, while honoring stakeholder expectations and local sensitivities and proves for a more successful campaign that effectively reaches campaign goals (Tabachnick, 2001). One of the first full-scale public health campaigns designed to target adults for prevention occurred in Vermont, and depended upon a plethora of research to implement a successful campaign. Officials first reviewed the publics attitudes, awareness, knowledge that adults face as obstacles to preventing child abuse (Ibid). Through research they identified several obstacles, such as characteristics of an abuser and enabing factors. Once this background research was conducted, the public education campaign strategies could be planned, implemented and evaluated. When a campaign chooses a message, it is important to be consistent and to use the same one throughout all media channels in order to stick with the public. The messages may also need to be translated or re-written for diverse cultures to identify with (Ibid). An example of this comes from, Paro, a nonprofit health care provider located in San Francisco that was reaching out to a diverse group of local residents that come for low-income homes. The organization was not seeing an increase in the number of clients served and the residents that were aware of their helpful programs. Therefore, the organization made a strategic communications decision to focus on translation services, sensitivity to cultural differences, and response to public feedback. They began by translating their marketing materials in various venues at an appropriate reading level including outdoor billboards and posters, collateral material and their website. Then, they created separate documents for each ethnic gro up in their service region (Hispanics, Vietnamese and Chinese) and paid close attention to the colors of the documents to not offend any particular culture. Finally, Paro made an assertive effort to hire more multicultural employees and set up a member advisory committee. This campaign was literally designed for and by the residents benefiting from Paro services (Nastu, 2007). When planning and public education campaign, it is important to remember that thoughtful well-written messages that the target audience identifies with, need to be future oriented and support solutions that are helpful and essential for the whole community (Hughes, 2009). Once a scope, location, target audience, and messaging is identified, then one can start to implement their campaign through a variety of steps and marketing and public relations strategies. There are many examples of way organizations implement their public education campaigns, which include: hotlines, educational vides, advertising on tv, radio, and print media, public service announcements, pocket guides, social marketing, websites, billboards, transit advertising, community action kits, posters, educational booklets, as well as promotional materials such as t-shirts, wrist