The Effects of Restrictions on Fast Food in America free essay sample

As a result, â€Å"Surgeon General David Satcher declared that the nations obesity epidemic had gotten so dire that it could overtake tobacco as the leading cause of preventable deaths and called on everyone from school administrations to food companies to get back to a skinnier America. † (Morrison, 2012). According to Morrison (2012), â€Å"the $200 billion fast-food industrys massive size ad budgets are hard to ignore especially considering kids taste for the stuff†. The sole purposes of fast food restaurants advertising are to influence the buying habits of targeted demographic groups in specific geographical locations. For example, fast food restaurants will target primarily African American and Hispanic children who traditionally live in the low income areas where these restaurants are located. Since these areas are not equipped with the proper knowledge to make healthier choices or the monies to buy healthier food options, fast food is their most affordable and convenient food choice. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Restrictions on Fast Food in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These advertisements do not identify what’s really inside these foods nor did they offer any healthy alternatives. Since fast foods have been comparable to that of cigarettes, can fast foods be just as addictive? The answer to that question is yes because it’s simply a matter of the fast food chains being negligent and misleading in posting their nutritional information. Especially since fast food is very addictive and obesity is considered a disease. According to Fortuna (2012), â€Å"As of 2010 70% of adult Americans were overweight or obese† (p. 56). It’s a known fact that children adopt their adult habits based on their earlier child habits. Therefore, a child’s poor dietary habits will follow them through their adulthood. As mentioned earlier, in 2001 child obesity was determined to be a major healthcare concern. The children during the 2001 year are now adults and are most likely included in the 70% of overweight or obese adults. Not until recent years, many of the major fast food chains have introduced healthy alternatives to their daily menus, but in actuality most of the alternatives that may seem healthier are not. For example the apples in a McDonalds â€Å"Happy Meal† sounds like a good alternative for children instead of the French fries, but if you read the nutrition guide they are actually just as bad or worst for children health wise due to the way they are prepared, packaged and preserved. Today, fast food restaurants are being blamed for being a major contributor to today’s over all poor eating habits and obesity problem. It’s the customer’s decision to buy and spend their hard earned money on whatever they choose to eat. However, there are other contributors such as not enough daily physical activity, the lack of proper nutritional information being readily available, healthier food choices are more expensive than most fast foods. Government intervention with the fast food industry will ultimately affect the economy. The restriction on fast foods will have consequences such as increased unemployment, increased fast food prices, and the possibility of shutting down fast food chains. The fast food industry is the second largest employer outside of the United States government. With that said, any major government regulation will cause a ripple effect throughout the food industry. â€Å"In the US, economists estimate the cost of obesity-related healthcare and lost productivity at between $147 billion and $190 billion a year† (New Scientist, 2012, p. 2). Based on these figures, should the government intervene with fast food industries and how they conduct business or should more nutritional information be publicly available for Americans to utilize? The Interagency Working Group was established during 2001 which consisted of the Federal Trade Commission, Food and Drug Administration, Agriculture Department and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These agencies were â€Å"instructed by Congress to prepare voluntary guidelines that would limit the marketing of certain foods and beverages to children† (Morrison, 2012). Of course these draft guidelines were met with great opposition from the industry advocates because this could be in violation of the First Amendment. Simply put, if the powers are not granted to the federal government by the Constitution or by a constitutional amendment, they dont have the power. The 10th Amendment states, â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. There is nothing about diet, rent, health care, housing, or junk food in the Constitution, but the 10th Amendment give the States the right to regulate pretty much everything that not regulated by the federal government under the Constitution. The 9th Amendment also plays a part in this as well stating The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Which essentially means that the Constitutions failure to specifically mention all the rights we have shouldnt be used to deprive individuals of those rights. The right to eat what you want is just one of those rights, just like the right to wear a hat or clap your hands together or whistle a tune. If the Constitution had to address every one of those rights by name, itd be a million pages long. So, instead of doing that, the 9th Amendment just says, yeah, we couldnt write down every right, but dont interpret that to mean that theyre not protected. In 2010, President Barack Obama signed the healthcare-reform legislation into law, which required restaurants with 20 or more locations to have and list the calorie count on menus. Also, state and municipal levels are taking proactive measures in promoting healthier lifestyles by limiting how restaurants market their products to children (Look Ahead, 2011). As a nation, America is becoming more health conscious and serious about the associated health risks of that being overweight and obese currently present. Let’s face it; it is more expensive for the average person to be overweight in America. At this point, the government is taking the proactive measures to educate Americans about living a healthier lifestyle. Fast food is food that can be prepared quickly and easily and is sold in restaurants and snack bars as a quick meal or to be taken out. Inexpensive food, such as hamburgers and fried chicken, prepared and served quickly. Asking someone what it means to them they would probably answer by suggesting a Big Mac, or two piece chicken with a biscuit. Fast food restaurants are being scrutinized because of the fat contents, which is said to be unhealthy and is causing obesity. It is also said that fast food restaurants is paying employee’s less wages and over working them by not allowing them to have breaks. If there becomes a law to restrict fast food restaurants the economy will be hit with more hardship. Some people believe that by offering healthy foods will encourage individuals to make better choices. Better choices can save lives and decrease health cost. Citizens of the United States believe that fast food is bad for your health. The mayor in the city of LA, California, believes that by banning fast food restaurants in low income area is no different than banning liquor and cigarettes. In 2012 a public interest law group at John Hopkins outlined the rationale: â€Å"Given the significance of obesity epidemic in the United States and the scientific evidence and legal basis supporting the zoning of fast food outlets, municipalities have an effective, yet untried, tool to address obesity in their communities. † â€Å"The over concentration of fast food restaurants in conjunction with the lack of grocery stores places these communities in a poor situation to locate a variety of food and fresh food. † This is known as, â€Å"food apartheid† (Saletan, 2008). Do we believe they should ban these restaurants, or should they just restrict them? Obviously, fast food restaurants are not healthy; but they help the economy by providing jobs to people around the United States and the World. Fast food restaurants generate billions of dollars per year, and they help the economy in different ways other than just providing jobs; but they do some of the worst things that something you can consume, can do to your body. Which one of these two out-weights the other is a debate that could go on forever. Do we want unhealthy people with jobs? Or do we want healthy people in the United States, but potentially jobless? Ideally we want both; we want healthy people with jobs, and we want the obesity rate to go down in the United States. In reality these questions are not a matter of one individual’s opinion; this is a matter of what the government wants for its country and what they prefer. There are ways to pick one side and counter the other, but it is hard and it will probably take a very long time for our country to decide. Whether our country decides to restrict fast foods by restricting the way they sell it—referring to TV and radio commercials—or whether they want to restricts what they sell. They could also ban them and prohibit people from consuming these products in the United States. These are all controversial matters that will not go down easy; they would have to take into consideration our civil rights and try to determine whether they can restrict us, as citizens, from deciding what we want to put in our bodies. The matter of the fact is that even if no restrictions or bans are put in place to try to fight obesity in this country, us, as individuals can make the decisions to not consume fast food; everyone knows fast food are not healthy, its proven. The same way that one can decide not to smoke or drink, one can also decide not to consume the types of food that can be just as detrimental to your health as some of the known street drugs. References Freeman, A. (2007). Fast Food: Oppression Through Poor Nutrition. California Law Review, 95(6), 2221-2259. Fortuna, J. L. (2012). The Obesity Epidemic and Food Addiction: Clinical Similarities to Drug Dependence. Journal Of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(1), 56-63. doi:10. 1080/02791072. 2012. 662092 LOOK AHEAD 2011. (2011). Advertising Age, 82(2), 4-21. ) MORRISON, M. (2012). Can kids food mascots survive the obesity war? (Cover story). Advertising Age, 83(17), 1-21. New Scientist. 11/24/2012, Vol. 216 Issue 2892, p28-29. 2p. Saletan, W. , July 31, 2008. Food Apartheid Banning fast food in poor neighborhoods. Slate. Retrieved from: http://www. slate. com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2008/07/food_apartheid. html

GPS Technology

GPS Technology Global Positioning System (GPS) is a new satellite-based technology used to track and reveal important information about direction, speed and location of an object in question. The GPS technology is mostly used in the law enforcement operations where it is aimed at locating criminals and enforcing the fundamental traffic rules (Leick, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on GPS Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Types of GPS technology GPS tracking technology The technology uses a GPS tracking device that has a radio receiver, which continuously update the target’s location in real time via a communication link. For this reason, it is ideal for law enforcement activities Emergency GPS technology GPS technology is used enormously in navigation purposes by the ships and aircrafts. The emergency GPS devices have maps and other navigational features that enable reporting in the event of emergencies. GPS N avigation technology Navigation technology uses a GPS receiver and internal road database, which provides the user with a clear view of the surrounding in real time (Snow, 2007). Drivers who are not conversant with a given place can benefit from the technology. Hand-held GPS technology This is the commonly used technology, which operates on a hand-held device. It is popular with outdoor enthusiasts and hikers who often travel to remote and terrain areas. The technology enables the users to develop a virtual flags that can be used to trace back their locations whenever they are lost. Use in law enforcement The use of GPS technology in law enforcement has minimized criminal activities and enhanced the law compliance. The adoption the GPS technology eliminated petty mistakes especially in the transport industry that would go unnoticed though their occurrences were fatal (Leick, 2004).Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your firs t paper with 15% OFF Learn More There have been cases of hate speeches and threats send through cell phones by organized gangs to intimidate their victims in order to follow their instructions though cell phone communications. These cell phones have GPS capabilities, which are helpful for the police to track and locate the gang without being noticed (Snow, 2007). Positives and negatives of technology Military Success Just like internet, GPS technology was a military creation but it has become a civilian approach to monitor activities. The U.S. forces were able to navigate through the desert during Gulf war with ease and at the same hitting the targets unnoticed. Business growth With the growing business competition, most business have found it vital to use the GPS technology in collecting business and intelligent geographical data to be used in making business decisions. Emergency rescue services One notable advantage of GPS technology is the ability to locate a vict im who is extremely far or lost. Whenever an accident happens and communication becomes a problem, the GPS device can transmit the exact location so that rescuers can identify the scene and save lives (Leipnik Albert, 2002). Poor interpretation GPS technology may not be useful tool for all people. Data on the GPS devices is important to a person who can interpret them but useless for the one who has no clue about the data. Exploitation of the technology Often, technology always falls into the wrong people with ill intentions. Drug dealers use the GPS technology to monitor their drugs on transit and in drop off points. On the other hand, gang groups can plant GPS units on their victims’ vehicles so as to monitor their movements in order to execute all manner of crime. Overall impacts of the GPS technology Essentially, the use of GPS technology has revolutionized the society both negatively and positively. Movements of people and cargo have become fragile task because of the e mergence of criminal gangs who obstruct to either destroy or hijack in order to steal and kidnap (Leick, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on GPS Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the negative point of view, the GPS technology has made the criminal gang and drug trafficking a lucrative opportunity because it offers a platform to closely monitor their activities without any notice. Therefore, it may be noted that the GPS technology does not subtract or add something but totally changes everything. References Leick, A. (2004). GPS satellite surveying. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Leipnik, M. R., Albert, D. P. (2002). GIS in Law Enforcement: Implementation Issues and Case Studies. London: CRC Press. Snow, R. L. (2007). Technology and law enforcement: From gumshoe to gamma rays. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Administrative law in Public Policy

The manholes are public utilities that are owned by municipals, regional authorities, or even companies which are hired to maintain them.   They are mainly used as access points to underground utility vaults for sewers, electricity, telephone storm drains and gas (Buckley, 2004). A fall into a manhole caused by negligence is cause enough to sue.   In this case if you can prove beyond reasonable doubt that if the authority in charge of that particular network of manhole into which you fell did not properly maintain or inspect the manholes, then, you may stand a chance of winning the case.   The ‘person’ to be sued in this case would be the authority responsible for the particular public utility, for which that particular manhole is used for (Buckley, 2004). To win, you would have to offer sufficient evidence to prove that the Authority in question had actual or constructive notice of the condition of the manhole as required by the utilities service facilities exception to governmental immunity act which provides that, â€Å"A dangerous condition of the facilities of steam, sewer water way, except that the claimant to recover must establish that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was incurred and the local agency had actual notice under the circumstance of the dangerous condition at a sufficient time prior to the event to have taken measures to protect against the dangerous condition†, as per sec. 8542 (b) (5) (Buckley, 2004).   Failure to prove this would result in a compulsory no suit. Reference Buckley, W. Okent, C. (2004). Torts and Personal Injury Law (The west Legal studies series) New York: Clifton Park: Delmar Learning.

Various Marketing Management Topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Various Marketing Management Topics - Essay Example The copy attempts to take the communication process forward through the affective stage and the all important behavior stage by subtle psychological appeal to the viewer's intelligence. It asserts the viewer sees things differently, likes challenges. There will be hardly anybody who disagrees with this. The affective stage is definitely crossed. There is a distinct possibility for crossing the behavior stage. The word flossing to replace crossing in the 'warning sign' of a wild life sanctuary has multiple connotations: the simplest meaning of the word flossing is using a fine silk thread for dental hygiene; other meanings relate to its use in crocheting, its use to describe fine engraving in sculpting (architecture) and finally for the modern technologically minded, its use in robotics. The leaping deer, the warning sign and the apparently incorrect word flossing in place of crossing are all incongruous with the word game and the caption You can always spot an Up Words player that is seen in the advertisement - these are designed to attract selective attention of the viewer. There is however the possibility that the advertisement may remind the viewer the current campaign/s for animal rights and wild life preservation (amplification). The viewer will then totally miss the point (leveling) - that the advertisement is for a word game UpWords - if he does not closely follow the copy in smaller print. In either case the viewer is likely to retain the apparently misspelled flossing for crossing and the predominance of the leaping deer. If the viewer reads the text in smaller print this will help the advertiser in creating a lasting impression. Otherwise the distorted image will wither away after some time. The communication objectives the game manufacturer may set for the advertisement may be based on two consumer attributes: high involvement (the buyer has a predisposition for intellectual games as against outdoor games like base ball) and high product differentiation (there are few players in the field). The six stages in the viewer's buying process will then involve awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and purchase. The advertisement under study creates awareness, knowledge, combines liking preference and conviction into one as we have detailed above and induces purchase. The communication then follows the sequence: what to say (content), how to say it logically (structure), how to say it symbolically (format) and who should say it (source). As we have seen the text has a psychological angle, it appeals to the ego of the viewer. The format is designed to arouse interest with a strong visual and optimal copy combining the relevant (the copy) with the symbolic (the visual of the deer, the park and the sign). The source of the message is the well-known word game manufacturers Scrabble that lends it credibility. Absolut Vodka (Chapter 20): Vodka is generally considered a commodity. Yet in the market there is an astonishing amount of brand loyalty and preference based on brand image. The image of a brand is how the consumer perceives it. The perception is based on practical experience and how well the experience meets expectations. For non-users it is based on uninformed impressions, attitudes and beliefs. A strong or favorable image therefore can be created by constantly delivering

Meeting the Needs of Different Client Groups Assignment

Meeting the Needs of Different Client Groups - Assignment Example This paper looks into the provisions of private fostering, and in doing so, it outlines some of the rules and responsibilities that guide the client and the caregiver as well. Conversely, the paper provides an evaluation of two models of care, the Orem’s Self Care model and the Roper, Logan and Tierney’s activities of living, thereby revealing how they relate to the case in consideration. Majorities of friends or family carers act in an informal manner by agreeing with the people holding parental responsibility for a child, identified as the client in this case. For this reason, the initial arrangement between Rachel’s parents and Tracey’s parents to accommodate Rachel in their house was informal in nature. However, given that Tracey’s parents agreed to accommodate Rachel for a number of months, which is more than the informal care threshold set by the law, the parents have to visit the children’s service office to formalize the private fostering arrangement. As required by the law, the parents had to contact the children’s services office to determine that Tracey’s parents had the ability to look after Rachel in a proper manner, which includes ensuring that they do not expose her to any risk, given that she will be living away from her legal guardians. The main responsibility of the carers, in this case, is to safeguard and promote the welfare of the clients under their care. For this reason, the first consideration would be to inform the local council of such an arrangement, even though quite a number of the carers do not do it. The carer should meet this requirement to allow social services to check on whether the client is receiving proper care. It is vital for social services to be made aware of such an arrangement in order to preserve and uphold the welfare of a potentially vulnerable child.

Energy for Performance in Touch Football Essay Example for Free

Energy for Performance in Touch Football Essay This term in year 11 senior physical education we have been learning the use of the three energy systems and how they are used in the game of touch football and how they function together. To understand the energy systems, our class went through a number of fitness tests. The Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) stores in the muscle and lasts for approximately 2 seconds and the resynthesis of ATP from Creatine Phosphate (CP) will continue until CP stores are used up, which is approximately 4-6 seconds. This gives us around 5-10 seconds of ATP. The use of ATP in touch football is high intensity, it would be used in a 50m sprint or a pass in touch. Once the Creatine Phosphate stores have worn out, the body resorts to stored glucose for ATP. The breakdown of glucose or glycogen in anaerobic conditions results in the production of lactic acid. The build up of ions is the restrictive issue causing fatigue in runs of 300m – 800m. The lactic acid system is most affective around 30seconds to 2-3 mins. In touch football the use of the lactic acid system may be used when wrucking the ball, as it is a constant sprint with little or no rest. The aerobic energy system utilizes protein, fats and carbohydrates (glycogen) for resynthesising ATP. The aerobic system is most effective at 5 mins onward. This energy system can be developed with various intensity runs. The types of runs are, Continuous runs – long slow runs at 50-70% of highest heart rate. This places demands on muscular and liver glycogen. The normal response by the system is to enhance muscle and liver glycogen storage capacities. This run would be the warm up run that we take of the oval before getting into the game. Extensive runs – continuous runs at 60-80% of maximum heart rate. This places demands on the system to cope with lactic acid production. Running at this level helps the removal and turnover of lactic acid and the body’s ability to tolerate the larger levels of lactic acid. The example for this run would be wrucking the ball at a high intensity work rate. Intensive runs – continuous runs at 80-90% of maximum heart rate. Lactic levels become high as these runs boarder on speed endurance. Intensive training is good for the development of anaerobic energy systems. The example of this run would be defending at a high intensity. The interrelationship between the energy systems are that they are all used in a game of touch football. The use of ATP when sprinting a short distance, the use of lactic acid when wrucking the ball, and the use of the different types of intensity runs. ! In touch football I either play in the middle because I have good ball and communication skills and ready to take responsibility for wrucking the ball down the field in attack. As a centre player I have ability to go forward with good acceleration, be aerobically fit, have knowledge of wrucking patterns, leadership qualities, quick reaction skills, a high work rate and the ability to maintain pressure. I also have a good strength and average muscular endurance. I also play in the wing and I’m generally the main scorer with sustained speed, good anticipation, good support skills, good finisher, good defender, good evasive skills, involvement, good hands and knowledge of the wing defence policy I believe that my level of proficiency in touch football is above average. I have superior hand eye coordination because of all the sports I have played over a number of years which is an advantage for me touch football skills. My fitness level is average, touch football is a continuous sport where you just keep going whereas I’m use to short explosive breaks. I believe my energy systems have coped a lot better than I thought they would. I feel as if my cardio could improve because after a full game of touch football I feel slightly tired, as fatigue sets in after 10+ minutes of play.

The Underground Railroad Essay -- UGRR Slavery

Introduction Imagine yourself a slave, hungry, beaten, and sick with grief at having had your freedom, family and all that makes you human stripped from you. But then, you get word of a way out of it all. It will separate you from all whom you love, it will endanger your life, but that is the price for freedom from the slavery of the south. Fellow slaves begin acting strangely, gathering tools, clothing, and food. You look around, and all you see is a freshly washed quilt hanging out to dry. Then you begin to realize that there is a new quilt every few days, each with a new pattern, and with each quilt, your fellow slaves correspondingly perform more and more preparative tasks. So you join them, realizing this is your only chance to become human again, your chance to dupe the system and win your freedom as the ultimate prize. Finally, now that you’ve caught on to the messages contained in the quilts and spiritual songs, you see that long awaited pattern, â€Å"tumbling boxes,† and you don’t look back. From here on out, it is all relying on your instincts, and your wit. There are people that will help you, but twice as many that want to kill you. Good luck and god-speed, you have just joined the Underground Railroad, see you in Canada! The Underground Railroad was neither a railroad nor underground. It was a complex network of freed slaves, black sympathizers, and northern abolitionists. Famous names that adorned the railroad were Harriet Tubman, William Still, and Frederick Douglass, to name a few. In the heart of the South, there was an informal, yet highly complex system evolving. The institution of slavery had wrenched the hearts of too many, and now they were quietly rebelling. Named during the steam engin... ...W. Norton & Company, 1996 Siebert, Wilber H. The Undergound Railroad from Slavery to Freedom New York: Russell & Russell, 1898 Tobin, Jacquline L. Hidden in Plain View New York: Doubleday, 1999 Internet Sources: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/ http://afroamhistory.about.com/ http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/Diversity/Specific/Race/Specific/African_American_Resources/Bibliographies/ugrrbib.html http://www.cr.nps.gov/aahistory/ http://www.geneseo.edu/~brl1/Photos.html http://jfg.girlscouts.org/Talk/whoami/Culture/AfricanAmerican/FreedomSquares2.htm#Crossroads http://www.histori.ca/search.do?config=htdig-en&words=underground+railroad http://www.state.vt.us/vhs/educate/urbiblio.htm http://www.ugrr.org

Human Communication Essay

Communication has been a part of the human lifestyle since the early years. Communication is defined as the process of transmitting messages and information in an attempt to achieve understanding. The whole process of communication requires various skills such as speaking, listening, analyzing, and evaluating the message. Thus, communication plays a vital role in the society in terms of achieving understanding and harmony among people. Through communication, cooperation and collaboration can be attained (Bergeson). However, conventional forms of relaying messages, such as passing information by word of mouth, place the messages at risk of being altered and even distorted. These conventional means of communication also make it difficult to transmit messages to a large audience and to reach the audience in other parts of the world (â€Å"Verbal and Nonverbal Communication†). Fortunately, due to the technological advancements and the continuous developments in the field of mass communication, various tools and gadgets were invented and are being continuously invented to bridge such difficulties and further facilitate human communication. However, these technologically advanced communication tools and devices present both advantages and disadvantages to humankind. Hence, this paper aims to present the positive and negative effects of technology to human communication. Technology and Human Communications Communication has undergone a drastic transformation since the early times. The conventional method of interpersonal communication has been completely altered, and the inception of new technologies has enabled people to devise other methods or means of communicating with other people. One of the possibilities in communication brought by technology is the wireless or electronic communication through mobile phones and electronic email (e-mail). These inventions have significantly influenced the way people communicate as these hi-tech ways of communications continuously provide people with options in terms of ways in which they could convey their message (Kauppila). In addition, through these technological advancements, specifically the invention of electronic communication, people can now communicate with others instantaneously regardless of the time and distance that separate them. Electronic communication solves the problems posed by the traditional mailing system such as the delays or the long wait before the mail reaches the recipient, and the risk that the recipient would not get the mail at all. Using the postal system to exchange messages and information takes too long, and there may be alterations or distortions on the content of the message. However, communication via a mobile phone, text messaging, or electronic mail is instantaneous; information is delivered to the recipient as soon as it is sent (Kauppila).

Child care Essay

Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role MY RESPONSIBILITIES – To create a safe, happy, positive, stimulating, Multicultural learning environment in which children can be. Also To meet the children’s individual needs, appropriate to their stage and level of development. Making sure to be involved in the setting up and clearing away at the start and end of each session as required. To be involved in my key groups activities and the planning, to ensure that what the children are playing with is safe to use and age appropriate. To communicate with parents/careers is the correct manner. 1. Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards Practitioner’s expectations should be to become a valuable practitioner, to be reliable and build good relationships with children and parent carers, encouraging play whilst learning, and by having children’s best interests e.g. physical activities, outings, this would help them to enjoy their growth in knowledge and assist in enhancing their development as a whole. Also practitioners should work as a team with other staff members and parent/carers in order to support the children to promote the children’s initial learning so that the children will feel confident and would be able boost up their self-esteem, and this will also help them in their future, and prepare them in further education when they move onto school. Also the expectations that are to be done in placement at a relevant standard is to supervise the children this plays a big role in child protection Act and health and policy. Practitioners should always watch the children closely to prevent and red uce the injury to children. 2.1 Explain the importance of reflective practice in continuously improving the quality of service provided Reflective practice is imperative in order to ensure that high standards are kept continuously as circumstances, children and environments change. In order to reflect one must continuously be aware of approaches used and how they can be changed or developed to improve. Continually improving and adapting approaches benefits both children and practitioners, ensuring that each individual child’s needs are catered for. Reflective practice involves evolving in a child centred approach. The childcare benefits as his/her skills grow and develop, enabling the highest standards of care and provision. It also promotes a better level of understanding and acceptance of those different from us, taking on board the opinions, cultures and attitudes of others to ensure a diverse and positively productive daily experience that enables higher levels of understanding from all. 2.3 Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice everyone has different values, beliefs and preferences. What you believe in, what you see as important and what you see as acceptable or desirable is an essential part of who you are. The way in which you respond to people is linked to what you believe in, what you consider important and what interests you. You may find you react positively to people who share you values and less warmly to people who have different priorities, the professional relationships you develop with people you support are another matter. As a professional, you are required to provide the same quality of support for all, not just for those who share views and beliefs. This may seem obvious but knowing what you need to do and achieving it successfully is not the same thing. The first step is to identify and understand you own views and values. 3.1 Evaluate own knowledge, performance and understanding against relevant standards 4.1 Identify sources of support for planning and reviewing own development 5.1 Evaluate how learning activities have affected practice The reasons why it is important to evaluate learning activities are: †¢ To see what is working and what needs removing or changing. †¢ To assess how the activities are being delivered and how they could be improved †¢ To see how the activities are being received by the participants Evaluation is important as it helps out when planning and helps you to think about the learning that has taken place. Spending time going through the learning activities and seeing how students have responded to a certain question, can really help reshape it for the future classes. It is also important to look back and learning objects so you can measure what the children have learned. If you do not think carefully about learning objectives at the planning stage, it will not always be possible to evaluate whether children have achieved them.

The Ten Day War for Slovenian Independence

The Ten Day War for Slovenian Independence Free Online Research Papers Slovenia is a new independent country, since 1991, and was previously the northernmost country of the Former Yugoslav Federation. It occupies a valuable strategic position between the Southern Alps, the Northern Adriatic and the edge of the Central European Pannonian Plain. Slovenia shares a border with Italy, Austria, Hungary and Croatia. Traffic from South-Western Europe crosses Slovenian territory on its way towards the landlocked countries of Central Europe, including Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the former Soviet republics. Traditionally the port of Koper has served as a route to the Adriatic for Austria and Germany. Slovenia has the image of a country ‘That is between Russia and Prussia’ (FW Carter HT Norris. ‘The Changing Face of the Balkans’ P26). This is descriptive of the fact that Slovenia’s borders lie between the Germanic and Slavonic territories and has been heavily influenced by Latin traditions. Slovenes initially lost their independence more than a thousand years ago, when Prince Kocelj established the first state of Slovenes. This state was subsequently ruled by successive Bavarian, Frankish, Czech and Habsburg masters. In 1355 it became wholly part of the hereditary possessions of the Habsburg monarchy, and remained as such until the end of the First World War in 1918, when Slovenia became a constituent of the Kingdome of Serbs Croats and Slovenes, known from 1929 onwards as Yugoslavia. The history of Slovenia shows that for centuries the institutional government of the country was identical to that of Austria, and this Germanic influence had an important effect on Slovenian culture. Christianity had a strong influence, and yet, despite these powerful influences, the Slovenian people retained a strong Slavic identity, including the retention of their own language. Slovenia also remains ethnically homogenous, with about 90% of the population Slovenes, and the remainder mostly Serbian, Croatian, Hungarian and Italian, along with a small Muslim population. This ethnic homogeneity, and also the retention of a distinctly Slovenian culture is due in large part, according to historians such as James Gow and Cathie Carmichael, to the fact that, throughout history Slovenia acted more as a bridge between nations, rather than a crossroads or area of co-operation between different nations and cultures. In modern times, as part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), post World War 2, Slovenia enjoyed a high level of industrialisation and a limited market economy, along with open borders with Italy and Austria. The rapid post war economic growth in Slovenia led to an influx of ‘guest workers’ from the less developed parts of SFRY, and by the time of secession from the federation in 1991, with 8.2% of the total Yugoslavian population, Slovenia accounted for 20% of the GDP of SFRY, with productivity twice as high as in Yugoslavia as a whole. (FW Carter HT Norris. ‘The Changing Face of the Balkans’ P112 table 31). This boom in Slovenia was set against the backdrop of the post-Tito disintegration of Communist Ideology in SFRY. Since the death of Josep Boris Tito, leader of Yugoslavia for 37 years, voices of dissent had become louder among the multicultural republics of the federation. Throughout the 1980’s it became clear that a worsening economic crisis and the political inertia brought about by the inflexible institutions put in place by Tito, specifically to resist change, were causing a disaster in Yugoslavia. Rising ethnic friction in Kosovo and Bosnia, and the perceived failure of the federal model, was increasingly leading to (mostly Serbian) support for a return to centralisation. A condition that never really existed in Yugoslavia, where the six republics that made it up enjoyed much autonomy, and operated to a certain extent as ‘mini states’. The system was put in place to account for the different desires of the distinct nationalities that made up SFRY, and delive red limited political self determination. This system required two main prerequisites to succeed however. In disputes between the republics, a main arbiter was to have the final say. Tito was the arbiter, but after his death there was no effective replacement. Secondly there was a requirement for relative prosperity, and in the majority of Yugoslavia, this was failing. Indeed, in Montenegro ’30,000 desperate citizens took to the streets in August 1989 to protest against hunger and poverty and to demand effective action’ (Sabrina Petra Ramet ‘Balkan Babel’ P223). The consensus in SFRY, by 1989, was that ‘ A new economic system requires a new political system, a new economic system cannot be built in the framework of the old system.’ (Ciril Ribcic ‘Mladina’ September 1989). The ‘Old System’ was being held together from Belgrade by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY), led since 1987 by Slobodan Milosevic. His leadership had stifled any consensus between the federal nations, and had essentially split the country into four emerging states, while annexing the provinces of Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia, to Serbia. According to some observers including Sabrina Ramet, Milosevic’s’ intention was to re-centralise the system, at the expense of the autonomy of the other republics, who, to all intents and purposes were already autonomous, and by now most cultural links between the states were largely superficial. This climate allowed ideas to be voiced, that would not have been heard just few years before. For example Antonje Isakovic, a Serbian writer argued for the confederation of the system and the redrawing of the republic boundaries. The open discussion of such subjects in Slovenia led to the highly controversial move by the Slovenian assembly, their first uni-lateral manoeuvre, that granted the republic the right of secession, and the right to approve or disapprove the actions of federal authorities in the republic. These amendments were attacked in Serbia, where the popular support was for consolidation around a strong centre (Belgrade). The warning from Serbia to Slovenia was the same as the warning from the Soviet Union in the 1960’s. That any break-up that took place without a federal consensus would result in a disastrous fratricidal conflict. The Slovenian public were mobilised for a confrontation with Belgrade by numerous publications, including ‘Inter Alia’ a protest at the status of the Slovenian language in SFRY. The first mass demonstrations, however, came with the trial of ‘The Four’. (Janez Jansa, Ivan Borstner, David Tusic, and Franzi Zavrl), who had published material in the magazine ‘Mladina’ that revealed a military plan to stop liberalism in Slovenia. The trial was carried out in Serbo-Croat, in Slovenia, and this inflamed the public further, leading to repeated demonstrations. The Slovene leadership, by now, were still hoping, publicly at least, that a quasi-confederal character would be preserved in SFRY, but with several important distinctions. Slovenia demanded, as the richest and most efficient republic, a special Slovenian Military Zone, with all the Slovenian recruits serving in Slovenian regiments and with Slovenian as the language of command. The other republics especially Serbia, were dismayed at the anti-federal stance of Slovenia, and declared the amendments illegal. Slovenia was undaunted though, and they went ahead and made their amendments. The events from now on will be the real focus of the dissertation. From the referendum in Slovenia in 1990 that passed with 88% in favour of independence, to the end of the fighting brought about by the Brioni Accord on 7th July 1991 there is much to be studied. The military campaign to resist the Yugoslav National Army (JNA) is an interesting one, with the Slovenes using a system that had been in place for years, but that was resurrected for this purpose. It proposed the use of an alternative command structure, known as ‘The Manoeuvre Structure of National Protection’ (Manervska Struktura Narodne Zascite MSNZ). This was a command structure unique to Slovenia, which allowed the government to form an emergency defence, similar to Britain’s Home Guard. The republic had previously had to resist efforts by Belgrade to disarm its federal territorial defence force (Territorialna Obrambra TO) after its free elections in 1990., and so the MSNZ served as a vital command st ructure. Of which the federal government was completely unaware. A superb account of this period is provided by the defence minister of the time, and current Prime Minister of Slovenia Janez Jansa, in his book ‘Premiki’ (Movements). He has published another book concerning the transitional period called ‘Okopi’ (The Barricades), and both offer a wonderful, factual, account of the conflict form a Slovenian perspective. There are a number of other notable figures who have already published their memoirs, particularly, Paule Celik, who published his thoughts in a series of interviews with Svetlana Vasovic-Mekina. This man was the head of the federal police force in Slovenia. Himself Slovenian, he has an interesting insight into the ‘cloak and dagger’ style strategy of MSNZ. As well as this Celik points out that the Ten Day War was ‘Fought on a much higher military and cultural level’ (S Vasovic-Mekina ‘A Summer Intervention’ Vienna Digest 1994), than the subsequent conflicts. Celik had his police training and most of his career in Belgrade, so it is clear his recollections are even handed as to the causes and outcome of the war. Aside from the published primary accounts of the conflict, there also exists a publicly accessible archive, Arkiv Republike Slovenje, which provides information from the 9th century onwards, and resides in Ljubljana, the capital of Slove nia. The archive also carries a lot of material concerning the transition from federal to independent republic. A further interesting source will be the court papers from the war crimes trial of Slobodan Milosevic, which contain interesting and controversial comments concerning the Ten Day War. The actions of this man, and the events in Yugoslavia leading up to the war are of crucial importance in understanding and answering the dissertations question. There are many books covering this period, including ‘Yugoslavia and After’ by Ivana Vejvoda, which presents contributions by leading authorities on the origins of the Balkan crisis and the decay of Yugoslavia, from a retrospective viewpoint. This is part of a series of books including ‘Eye of the Storm’, which identifies Slovenia as a focal point for unrest in SFRY. Another excellent book is ‘Love Thy Neighbour’ by Peter Maas, which analyses what the author describes as the ‘overlooked’ subject of Slovene secession, and points out that the conflict is usually ignored in most analysis on what went on later in Bosnia and Croatia. He insists that it is the relative bloodlessness that accounts for this. He also makes the reader aware of the tacit, but perhaps symbiotic relationship between Slovene secessionists and Slobodan Milosevic. With Slovenia out of SFRY, Milosevic had a 4 to 3 majority in the Yugoslav presidency. The book also explores the fact that after Slovenia, the JNA became a more pro-Serbian force, as opposed the impartial force it had represented in SFRY. This book has particular value in its description of the military forces fielded in the war. A further important source is of course the personal recollections of Slovenian people who were present. The relatively recent events means that peoples memory of them is quite fresh, and this will be particularly useful with the issue of mobilisation of the people, which involved a carefully managed media campaign, in Slovenia and internationally. It is fortunate that many Slovenians speak English, so it will not be necessary to learn a new language to gather primary information, and much of the literature is also translated. The dissertation is intended to explore the question as to whether or not the Ten Day War resulted in a political victory or a military triumph, and in essence, what forces enabled the country to avoid the bloodshed that characterised the conflicts in Bosnia and Croatia. Official Slovenian sources, such as the Office of the Prime Minister, insist that this was a ‘David and Goliath’ style encounter, with the Slovenian TO waging a meticulously planned guerrilla campaign against the aggressive JNA, a military behemoth, then the fourth largest army in Europe. Other observers, such as Dyer, contend that the JNA had limited objectives in Slovenia. These objectives (Border crossings, airport) were predicted by the TO, and their limited forces were able to hold them long enough for diplomacy to take over. The year leading up to the conflict will also be studied. The activities of the popular magazine ‘Mladina’ and the pluralisation of politics in this period serves as a good barometer of the tensions that were rising at this time. By 1989 certain groups had sprung up in response to the uproar at the trial of the four Mladina journalists. The Independent Centre of Human Rights received thousands of petitions from individuals and organisations, including trade unions and religious groups. These actions were to encourage the public at large to join and start new political parties. There seems to have been a consensus reached in Slovenia, and the dissertation will explore this, as part of the argument that a political victory was won. The relative bloodlessness will also serve to illustrate this point, along with racial homogeneity, relative affluence and long standing economic and cultural ties with Central and Western Europe. Possible collusion between Ljubljana and Belgrade will be addressed, but this hypothesis is extremely controversial and would be tough to research. The influence of the EC will also be researched, with Germany already identified as at least one country interested in Slovenian independence. The military argument, that Slovenian forces repelled, or at the very least held on against the odds is to be explored by studying the many military analyses made of the war. The tactic of blocking the mountain roads in order to halt the armoured advance of the JNA is well documented, as is the subsequent limited guerrilla campaign and the method of replacing the federal military with the MSNZ. The smooth application of this tactic led to the world at large to see the JNA as aggressors, since Slovene troops at border crossings simply switched uniforms, forcing the JNA to use force to capture them. In order to better complete this task, the help of a dissertation supervisor will be utilised, in the case of this dissertation, the advice of Dr Christina Chiva. The summer would be spent visiting Slovenia, identifying further sources, perhaps carrying out interviews with relevant individuals, in order to bring as much information to the beginning of the year as possible. The writing process will begin once my proposal subject has been refined, since there is little doubt the scope of the dissertation will likely change, at least slightly, between proposal and submission of the final work. So, with an eye on the history of the final years of Yugoslavia, it is hoped that the question set out in this proposal can either be proved or disproved one way or another, in agreement with the military or political hypothesis, a mix of the two, or perhaps some third source of influence, as yet unconsidered. Research Papers on The Ten Day War for Slovenian IndependenceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBringing Democracy to AfricaDefinition of Export Quotas19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

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