General Electric Business Model

General Electric Business Model © Shutterstock.com | Carsten ReisingerGE is one of the oldest and biggest corporations in the world. In this article, we will look at 1) introduction to GE, 2) history, 3) business model, and 4) business segments, and its products and services.INTRODUCTION TO  GEGeneral Electric or GE is a multinational conglomeration organization that originated in the United States. It is incorporated in New York and the headquarters are based in Fairfield, Connecticut. The company operates in several areas including Energy, Technology Infrastructure, Capital Finance and products in the Consumer and Industrial category.The company was created by Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb. The company is often considered the most successful conglomerate in the world. The basis for this is that it reached its conglomerate status before this became a common practice for companies. Since its inception, the company has continued to grow, expand and innovate in a variety of industries and fields incl uding things that range from electric fans to airplanes.The company was ranked the 26th largest company and the 14th most profitable one in America in 2011. This was based on gross revenue but another list ranked the company 4th among the Forbes Global 2000 by considering more detailed metrics. It has also been listed as the 7th best company for leaders and 15th most admired company by Fortune in 2011/2012, number 5 for best global brand by Interbrand, and by Fast Company as the 19th most innovative company.HISTORYThe GE founder Thomas Edison is considered a genius both as a businessman and as an inventor. He began his legacy from a workshop that set the groundwork for GE. This workshop was set up in 1876 when he set out to explore the potential for various inventions that he had seen at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia the same year. Eventually this workshop was where he created his most important invention, the electric light. Over the years that followed, his early inven tions became the basis for different lines of products through the 19th and 20th centuries to present day.A timeline of General Electric is given below1878 â€" 1904 © Flickr | Marion DossThomas Edison created the Edison Electric Light Company in 1878. The following year he finalized the first commercially viable incandescent lamp that survived a 40 hour duration test. By 1979, Edison and his team had managed to create dynamos, devices that were used to turn mechanical energy into electrical energy. The application was these would allow entire neighborhood lighting systems to be powered. Edison patented his lamp in 1880 and continued to improve his design by using different materials and ideas. By 1882, he set up the Edison Electric Illuminating Company and began construction on New York City’s first power station. He set up a lamp factory in New Jersey in 1890 and in 1892, GE was formed by the merger of Edison’s company and another prominent manufacturer of dynamos and electric lights. Thomson-Houston. By 1895 the company had begun producing items such as large electric locomotives and transformers and with the discovery of the X-ray, elect rical equipment to produce these Xrays. By 1900, the company’s distinct logo was registered and the establishment of the brand began. In the same year, the company set up a 3 person laboratory to conduct scientific research, a first of its kind. By 1902, the company patented the electric fan.1905 â€" 1934In 1932, the company created the GE Credit Corporation to help sell appliances to American families during the great depression.In the same period, GE contributed to the electricity operated controls for the Panama Canal, as well as advancements to cathode ray tubes and the electric stove. The company also began producing precursors to modern refrigerators. The company also developed the technology that was used both in WW2 radars and microwave ovens. The company continued to improve its technologies and find applications in real world products such as airplane altitude controls, electronic controls and safety switches, panel board and switchboards used in the construction of the Empire State Building. The washing machine was also introduced.In 1905, GE’s first contribution to the kitchen, the electric toaster, appeared. This was followed by efforts in the direction of business capitalization and cash flow by the setup of the Electric Bond and Share Co. The aim of this was to finance small utilities, setting the basis for GE’s Commercial Finance division. A GE engineer worked for two years to help the world’s first voice radio broadcast become successful in 1906 by designing and creating a high frequency alternator. Advancements in technology continued and the GE research lab created ductile tungsten filament, making the lamp more efficient. This material is still used in light bulbs. In 1910 the company created the first electric cooking range and in 1912 improvements were made to the vacuum tube. This is what made modern electronics possible. In the same year, the company also finished work on the first electricity propelled US Navy vessel as well as on the molding of plastic parts for use as an insulation material.1935 â€" 1970Continuing with both home appliances and major scientific inventions, the company opened a space center in 1961 to increase its stake in putting a man on the moon. A year later the solid state laser was invented by a GE scientist as well as a superconductor magnet in 1962. These technologies led to inventions such as the CD player, laser printer, fiber optic communication and advances in modern medical imaging and diagnostics. Xray technology also evolved allowing reduced exposure to xrays as well as clearer pictures. In 1969, the first man on the moon took his first steps in boots developed from GE silicone rubber. Other GE involvement included overall quality control, systems engineering support, launch vehicle testing and ship to satellite systems that allowed live color TV images of the splashdown and recovery.In 1935 the company’s Novalux lamps led to the first major league baseball night game. Ot her contributions included the GE supercharger in the the plane that set the air flight record in 1937. In 1939, the first woman scientist to join the GE lab invented glass that is used in all camera lenses and optical devices till today.in 1940 the company made advancements with new silicone chemistry which has widespread applications. In 1942 the company built the first jet engine in the US as well as demonstrating the first turboprop and in 1943 the autopilot was invented. By 1945, the company had developed the first commercial radar and in 1946 a GE scientist developed cloud seeding technology. Military work during this time included the jet engine J79 which was a ground breaking technology. In 1953, GE scientists discovered Lexan polycarbonate resin which is a transparent plastic with extensive uses to this day. Other discoveries and inventions during this time included industrial diamonds, an engine for the fastest jet transport, further work on plastics, a jet engine that ope rated at three times the speed of sound, a licensed nuclear power plant, the electric can opener, the oven toaster, the halogen lamp, the first manmade object to orbit the earth, the Lucalox lamp, and powerful and compact motor and rechargeable batteries which led to devices such as the electric toothbrush, hair dryers and slicing knivesThe company continued developments in all sectors. In the home improvement category, the company launched a food waste disposal system in 1935. The following year the company launched a series of smaller kitchen appliances including a juicer, a table cooker, a portable mixer, an automatic roaster and a coffee machine. In 1947 the company made advancements to its refrigerator by creating a two door freezer-refrigerator combination. The same year, cooking equipment was developed for fast food operations. In 1954, a fully automatic dishwasher was introduced.1971 2000Through the 1970s, the company continued its advancement in technology by producing the first portable room air conditioner. Other innovations included a computed tomography scanner, innovations in kitchen appliances and consumer electronics as well as fused quartz ingots that can be used to make long fiber optic strands. In 1983 the company created the MRI system making it possible to image soft tissues within the human body. In 1989, the company diversified further and launched a news and business news channel. In 1992, the company continued its foray into space by building the Mar Observer for NASA. In 1993, clinical investigations began in the company’s MRT system to help physicians view internal organs real time. In 1994, GE became the first fortune 500 company to go online and in 1996 the comprehensive portal GE.com was launched. In three years the site was also selling items online. Other major events in this period included development of the world’s most powerful commercial jet engine for Boeing, functional anatomical mapping, a cardiovascular mapping sys tem and the world’s first diagnostic agent to identify Parkinson’s disease.2001 â€" 2014In this period, the company made advancements in cancer diagnostics, lighting technology, new generation ultrasound imaging, involvement with the international space station, medical information systems, fuel efficient rail systems, transportation tracking systems, smart home solutions, portable narcotics and explosives identification systems, miniature cardiovascular ultrasound system, TV technology, organic LED technology, HD medical imaging systems, advanced PET/CT scanning systems, high power white LED, a hybrid locomotive prototype, a compact ECG machine, an HD CT scanner, super hyrdrophobic nano coatings which have implications for industry, biofuel, printed OLEDs, remote assembly from a kit, hybrid haulers, biomarker technology to map proteins in tumors, a genome project, airborne toxin detection, holographic data storage, energy smart LED and energy management. In this period the comp any sold of its media arm as well as its appliances business. BUSINESS MODELGE has a successful business model that can help other companies learn and grow. The key is to not forget organizational culture, history and context and consider how specific techniques were used in key features of the company. The main features of the GE business model include:The CultureA focus on individual achievementA consideration of a rebel as a hero (Jack Welch rebelled against much of the management practices before he became CEO)An encouragement of circumventing the hierarchyThe importance of competitiveness both within the company and externallyPerformance as a determining factor of loyaltyDirect and confrontational communicationLeaders who are individuals and not groups or teams.The culture is a background which drives a company’s success. The GE culture specifically is extremely American.Core CompetenciesGE’s core competencies are much more than just a set of management techniques or a busi ness model. Instead, the following make the company a success:The company selects best practices that are most relevant to its immediate futureThe company adapts and implements these practices perfectlyThe company continues to evolve and change its management practices as the need emerges. This is done by adopting new practices and discarding older methods that may have led to success at some point but are no longer relevant.BUSINESS SEGMENTS AND ITS PRODUCTS AND SERVICESBasic segments for the company are vast and diversified. Some of these include:GE CapitalThis is the financial services arm of the company. The services offered include commercial lending, leasing and financial services for healthcare, media, communications, entertainment, consumers, real estate and aviation.The company underwrites loans and leases to hold on its own balance sheet and the focus is not on generating revenue from the same. The company targets small and medium companies and is not restricted to a parti cular industry or geography. The loans are secured by tangible assets.GE Energy ManagementThis are took over some of the activities of GE Energy in 2013. Products and services include automation and process control, drives,  critical power, geospatial systems, electrical distribution, high voltage equipment, industrial communication, monitoring and diagnostics, power conversion, motors and generators, protection and control and smart metering among others. These products are divided into three main categories and further subcategories.1. Industrial SolutionsGE Power ElectronicsGE Power ComponentsGE Critical PowerGE Intelligent Platforms2. Power Conversion3. Digital EnergyGE Oil and GasThe Oil and Gas segments offers products and services that include condition monitoring and diagnostics, EOR solutions, fuel dispensers, LNG solutions, gas storage, industrial power generation, land drilling, measurement and sensing, offshore drilling, plant and unit controls, pipeline integration serv ices, refinery and petrochemicals and subsea solutions.GE Power and WaterThis segment offers power generation products, power generation services, distributed power, Hitachi nuclear energy, renewable energy and water and process technologies.GE Home Business SolutionsThis division of the company was created in 2007. The unit included appliances, lighting and intelligent platforms. The last was later moved to energy management. In September 2014, the company sold this unit to Electrolux. Lighting was moved to the Growth and Innovation division within the company.GE AviationThis division is based in Ohio and is one of the world’s leading suppliers of aircraft engines for commercial aircraft. Main competitors include Rolls-Royce and Pratt Whitney. Main products include turbojets, high bypass turbofans, light and low bypass turbofans, turboshafts, turboprops and fans, industrial aero derivatives, vehicle propulsion, and marine propulsion.GE TransportationFormerly called GE Rail, thi s division provides equipment for railroad, marine, mining, drilling and energy generation industries. Rail products include freight and passenger diesel-electric locomotives and related items such as railroad signaling equipment and locomotive parts and repairs. Propulsion products include electric motors and systems for mining, oil drilling and wind turbine industries. Battery products are made for rail, marine, telecommunications and energy industries.GE HealthcareThis is the largest division of GE that is based outside the US and provides transformational medical technologies and services. Products include medical imaging and information technologies, medical diagnostics, patient monitoring systems, drug discovery and biopharmaceutical manufacturing technologies. Key competitors for this division include Hitachi Medical, Carestream Health, Philips Healthcare, Siemens Healthcare and Toshiba Medical Systems.

Causes Of The Cold War Essay - 608 Words

Causes of the Cold War nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Cold War occurred during a time of rebuilding for Europe. It characterized international relations and dominated the foreign policies of Europe. It affected all of Europe and determined lasting alliances. The Cold War was caused by the social climate and tension in Europe at the end of World War II and by the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union. Economic separation between the Soviets and the west also heightened tensions, along with the threat of nuclear war. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; One main conflict between the Soviet Union was the vast ideological differences. One of the main tenets of communism is that capitalism is inherently bad and posed a threat to†¦show more content†¦They gave relief money to the war torn democratic countries in order to rebuild their economy. They did not give money to the Soviet Union and any of its satellites. The Unites Statesamp;#8217; motivation for doing this was to provide themselves with trading partners and to economically exclude the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union also formed an exclusive economic federation between all the states in the Soviet Union called COMECON. This restricted trade to within the Soviet Union. These measures to isolate the enemy and set up economic barriers helped to provoke the Cold War. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Soviet Union and the west also formed political alliances to combat the other side. Western Europe and the United States formed NATO,a military pact. The Soviet Union created a similar pact,the Warsaw Pact, between the states within the Soviet Union. These military coalitions put a greater threat behind the growing conficts by involving more countries. These military alliances were supplemented by two edicts set by the Soviet Union and the United States. The United States issued the Truman Doctrine, which stated that they would support those countries resisting communism. Likewise, the Soviet Union later issued the Brezhnev Doctrine which decreed that the Soviet Union would intervene with force in order to protect communism in its satellites. One of the main issues that strained relations between the Soviet Union and theShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The Cold War1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was a political, ideological and sometimes indirect military confrontation that took place after the Second World War between the two largest powers in the world: The United States and the Soviet Union. The conflict between these two great powers intensified without a real war on the ground. It was a silent war characterized by both powers in an arms race with the most lethal weapons without actually using these weapons. That is why that war was known as the Cold War. In this paper,Read MoreCauses Of The Cold War1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union spanned almost half of a century. It led to worldwide fears and anxiety over the possibility of nuclear war and the desolation of mankind. It led to various proxy wars, costing the lives of millions in foreign nations and thousands of A merican and Soviet soldiers. With so much fear, death, money, and willpower going into the conflict, there must be an easy answer as to what force caused and drove the conflict. However, this topic is notRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, a conflict between the United States and Soviet Union, the two global superpowers at the time. Given the name â€Å"Cold War† only for the fact that neither the Soviet Union nor the United States fought directly with one another, instead the war was waged through allies in the form of proxy wars and through increased use of intensive espionage, a never-ending arms race, immense technological competition and on a political forefront as both sides tried to gain the upper hand. The Cold WarRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War984 Words   |  4 Pages The Cold War has lived in infamy in the minds of many people today. The influence of it can be regarded as one of the most terrifying events that could have transp ired, and particularly terrifying to its citizens who lived in constant fear of complete annihilation. From the first events to the fall out of a nuclear war, almost all citizens would have no shelter from the devastation of an atomic war. The roots of the Cold War can be found in several main points starting from the Second World WarRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War1388 Words   |  6 PagesLESSON 26 - The Cold War Objectives: Identify the causes for the start of the Cold War Identify key actions taken by the US and the Soviet Union to prepare for war Identify how the Cold War impacted American lifestyle Identify actions taken worldwide between the Cold War combatants The Cold War Begins The Cold War was the state of hostility, without direct military confrontation, between the United States and the Soviet Union. The formation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945Read MoreCauses And Effects Of The Cold War1370 Words   |  6 PagesAbi Amarnath Mrs. Saunders 12 November 2014 English II Causes and Effects of the Cold War Richard Nixon once said of the Cold War that â€Å"the Cold War isn t thawing; it is burning with a deadly heat. Communism isn t sleeping; it is, as always, plotting, scheming, working, fighting.†(www.brainyquote.com). An analysis of the Cold War between 1947-1991 reveals that the Cold War was caused by a difference in political ideals between the USA and the Soviet Union, the aftermath of WWII, and the â€Å"IronRead Morethe cause of the cold war Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagescausing the cold war .After the second world war , the ideological difference ,mutual distrust and the disappearance of the common enemy (germany ) , these all are the causes of the cold war .However ,these comflicts were all brought by the US . Many historians believe that the Cold War was inevitable once the common enemy, Germany, was defeated after the end of World War II. Other historians such as John Gaddis stress that neither superpower can be held solely responsible for the ideological war that lastedRead MoreCauses of the Cold War Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"It is clear that fear, greed and revenge were the major factors that caused the Cold War† How far do you agree with this statement when analyzing the causes of the Cold War up to 1949? The responsibility of the origins of the Cold War often triggers questions among historians yet both powers should be blamed for taking part in it. The origins of the Cold War can often be associated with fear, greed and revenge. Through most analyses, the fault was often given to Stalin’s ambitions to expandRead More Causes of the Cold War Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of the Cold War In this paper I will discuss what actions and thoughts added up to cause the cold war. The cold war lasted from September 1, 1945 to about December 25, 1991. That is about forty-five years, which is an extremely long time. The cold war was a global competition basically between two sides, the Free World, which was led by the United States of America, and the Communist World led by the Soviet Union. The struggle took place through indirect military conflict, and directRead MoreThe Causes of the Cold War Essay2058 Words   |  9 PagesIn discussions of the causes of the Cold War, one controversial issue has been the question: who caused the Cold War? On the one hand, traditional historians argue that the leaders of the Soviet Union are to blame. On the other hand, revisionists contend that the Western leaders are to blame. Others even maintain that it was both the Western and the Soviet leaders who are equally responsible for the development of the Cold War. My own view is that th e Western leaders were responsible for protecting

Rumored Hype on For Against Essay Topics Exposed

Rumored Hype on For Against Essay Topics Exposed At times, utilizing the very same topics over and over again makes students bored and not able to find inspiration to compose essays. When they are writing their argumentative essays that have to find, read and analyze lots of material to perform good. Many students have a tendency to encounter the writing issues due to the dearth of suitable understanding. Many students think that it is a waste of time. Always think deeply about the way to create a very good essay structure it's a significant part academic writing. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. In terms of the organization of the last essay, it's wise to use a 5-paragraph structure. You may use several examples which can be found on the world wide web at no cost. On our site you'll find a lot more useful exceptional information that will certainly be beneficial for junior and higher school kids from, like common home task essay about Hamlet, in addition to, for instance, application essays for college for future students. USA professors and teachers usually counsel you to keep away from mainstream ideas. Students are accustomed to the simple fact which their professors give them with the assignment's topic. Occasionally it only appears simple, but lots of students forget about the kind of academic writing they have to stick with. When you're writing such essay, the objective is to come out with the ideal college essays. Our crew of professional writers with the required experience and writing skills is always prepared to fulfill your demands and exceed your expectations. If you believe you will need assistance with your written assignments it is preferable to ask for skilled help from online writing service. The help here comes in various categories. The Ultimate For against Essay Topics Trick College professors see that students are well-trained and inspired to compose essays when asked to achieve that. Plenty of students put on a uniform. Typically, the teachers or professors assign the topics independently. School tests aren't powerful. Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. Teacher will surely value an exceptional composition that comprises no mistakes. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. They are required to compose essays at every level of their academia. Thus, you can ask all the essential questions and consult on some points. Add all the details that you can imagine. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you may counter to your own points. On the opposite side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. It's possible to select an intriguing topic from any area of science. Academically suitable compare contrast essay topics ought to be stimulating together with attention-grabbing. To start with, a student is supposed to get a suitable topic for an essay. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make certain to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. The topics must have two sides and they have to be quite interesting. If you can select the matter by yourself, it's possible to produce the issue of interest! The issues also have issues that exist around the world concerning gender. One of the serious hiccups in choosing funny argumentative essay topics is how comedy is a rather touchy field, and various individuals have various opinions of what comedy is about. F. Bacon The main intention of the capital isn't to get as much money as possible, yet to make sure that money causes a better life. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on various views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. The student should investigate a topic, evaluate evidence, collect, generate, and set a standpoint on this issue in a powerful and concise way.

Global Crime Free Essays

Every nation of the world experiences the same crimes on some level within their society. From burglary to murder, every nation must deal with the criminals who help in various ways to shape the society that many either admire or fear. The rates of crimes around the world are significantly different from the crime rates that occur within the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now The political and social structures of these nations often help in predicting the types of crimes that are more prevalent around the world compared to what is more prevalent within the United States. These structures also help to predict the ways in which the nations deal with these crimes within their criminal justice system. Through the evaluation of major global crimes and criminal issues, one can better understand the global impact that these crimes have on the national and international justice systems and processes. First, the prevalence of certain crimes varies from nation to nation and can often be based on the political and social structures of that nation. For example, in middle-income and developing countries, homicide is far more prevalent compared to nations with higher incomes (Shaw, et al, 2004). Research reveals that nations that have high rates of homicide tend to be accompanied by social and political unrest, where crime organizations tend to run the country more than the politicians (Shaw, et al, 2004). On the other hand, there has been a dramatic decline in the rates of robbery among nations included in North America compared to other nations of the world (Shaw, et al, 2004). Second, the ways in which criminals are tried and detained within the criminal justice systems of various nations differ due to the political and social structures that are set up for each citizen. Research has revealed that most nations follow a civil law system, which is typically based on Roman law structures, in which a person can be punished as soon as a sufficient amount of evidence proves that a person is guilty of a crime (O’Connor, 2011). This varies from the common law systems, where innocence is assumed prior to proving that a person is guilty of a crime (O’Connor, 2011). More common in nations, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran, the Islamic law system is directly based on the Koran, which is often interpreted as a harsher law system compared to other law systems utilized by other nations (O’Connor, 2011). The law systems that are utilized are critical to uncovering the standards and beliefs of a nation, which often helps people, determine what is considered a crime compared to what may be overlooked by a nation. For example, seven of the eight nations that are included in the group of Caribbean nations have been affected by colonial rule for centuries (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). This colonial rule has caused their criminal justice system to be based on British common law, as well as national statutory laws (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). Their courts are also structured in a manner that is similar to British courts, where there is a magistrate court, a high court, as well as a court of appeals (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). While every person tried in court are entitled to a fair trial, they tend to reserve juries for serious criminal trials, such as homicide, etc. hich distinctly varies from the United States, where there are few cases historically or otherwise, where juries were not used (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). These structures help to formulate the methods in which criminals are obtained as well as detained within each nation. For example, research has revealed that the rates of attrition, or the rates in which a criminal is obtained and tried for the crimes in which they are accused of committing, differ with the status of the nation (Shaw, et al, 2004). For example, nations that are more developed tend to have higher rates of attrition, meaning that more criminals have a tendency to be properly tried by the criminal justice system of that particular nation (Shaw, et al, 2004). In contrast, nations who were classified as â€Å"developing nations† tended to have lower attritions rates, which would be indicative of the lack of political and social structures, which would help to deter crime, as well as fairly punish those who have committed crimes within their society (Shaw, et al, 2004). This phenomenon can best be explained by the colonization thesis, which asserts that more developed nations cause crimes in developing nations, who are dependent on these nations for financial and other assistance (O’Connor, 2011). For example, Interpol reported that France (a developed nation) was able to successfully dismantle a crime network of both Georgian and Armenian nationals who â€Å"were believed to be linked to more than 300 burglaries† with 21 people being arrested and a substantial amount of money being recovered by law enforcement (2012). Through determining the attrition levels often help to determine the ways in which criminals around the world are rehabilitated through the punitive system. The corrections system, though similar to the United States, tend to be different from nation to nation. For example, in Jamaica, law enforcement depends on the probation system in order to rehabilitate criminals who pass through their punitive system (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). This still varies from other nations who are included in the Caribbean nations, where both probation and parole are commonly used to rehabilitate criminals (United Nations Programme Development, 2012). This, however, does not help to explain nations who have little to no crime. Nations, such as Switzerland, tend to have very few issues of crime in their nation, which many would normally assume is due to the fact that they have historically been a neutral nation and do not seek to pull a gun when issues can be discuss diplomatically (O’Connor, 2011). Research, however, has revealed that the reason that these nations have little crime is because there are wealth of social institutions that help to ensure that each citizen is well provided for (O’Connor, 2011). For example, Switzerland has a plethora of welfare programs, which helps to care for those who are among the underclass (O’Connor, 2011). This, in turn, helps to deter potential criminals from committing crimes, and even when crimes are committed, criminals are moderately punished after an extensive review of their socio-economic history, and are later assisted to help prevent them from committing future crimes (O’Connor, 2011). In conclusion, while crime is confronted on a daily basis by every nation, the rates and frequency of certain crimes vary based on the political and social structures of that nation. The ways in which each nation chooses to address these issues also tend to vary based on the political and social structures, which can affect the future rates of crime in those nations. Through the evaluation of major global crimes and trends, one can better understand how other nations structure their criminal justice system in order to deal with the criminals of their nations. References Interpol. (2012). â€Å"Crime network behind hundreds of burglaries dismantled by French police.† Retrieved from: http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News-media-releases/2012/N20120607bis O’Connor, T. (2011). â€Å"Introduction to comparative criminal justice.† Retrieved from: http://drtomoconnor.com/3040/3040lect01a.htm Shaw, M., van Dijk, J., and Rhomberg, W. (2004). â€Å"Determining trends in global crime and justice: An overview of results from the United Nations surveys of crime trends and operations of criminal justice systems.† Forum on Crime and Society, 3 (1-2). Retrieved from: http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/forum/forum3_Art2.pdf United Nations Programme Development. (2012). â€Å"Caribbean Human Development Report.† Retrieved from: http://hdr-caribbean.regionalcentrelac-undp.org/files/Chapter5_Caribbean_HDR2012.pdf How to cite Global Crime, Papers

The Lesson free essay sample

The Lesson, written by Toni Cade Bambara, the question of inequality and poverty arises in response to the juxtaposition of the two neighborhoods in the story, Harlem and Manhattan. Bambara introduces children as the most important occupants of a typical New York slum, mainly in regards to their ability to escape the constraints of their own environment. As highlighted in the story, the elders of this African American community have accepted the social inequality and the economic conditions without question, which only hinders their ability to break away. To contrast this complacency, Miss Moore is portrayed as an independent, educated, and liberal African American woman who not only recognizes the lack of democracy, but who also seeks to educate children and encourage them to demand more from their society. In order highlight the gap between the rich and poor, Miss Moore brings the children to F. A. O Schwarz on Fifth Avenue so they can learn firsthand of their own social conditions compared to the conditions of others. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lesson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through Sylvia, the story’s narrator, and her friends Sugar and Q. T, Bambara is able to shed light on the hardships of the poor, while also hinting at the need for a change of attitude within poor African Americans. Additionally, Bambara focuses on the meaning of money in each neighborhood. Sylvia, the most out-spoken and prideful of the group, immediately recognizes the differences between her community, most likely Harlem, and that of which Fifth Avenue, Manhattan. Although Sylvia cannot recognize her own neighborhood as a slum, or the occupants as poor in the beginning, she slowly realizes that everyone is not equal through the distribution of wealth. Sylvia is angered by the prices in F. A. O Schwarz because she knows that the items for sale are just toys, and that these toys would never take precedent over other things her parents desperately struggle to buy. This is apparent when Sylvia thinks of the thirty-five dollar clown in the store: â€Å"Thirty-five dollars could buy new bunk beds for Junior and Gretchen’s boy. Thirty-five dollars and the whole household could go visit Granddaddy Nelson in the country. Thirty-five dollars would pay for the rent and the piano bill too† (Bambara 94). Although Sylvia cannot directly face the injustices that surround her by speaking outwardly, she inwardly questions the frivolity of the wealthy in order to keep the realities of the situation at bay. Sylvia knows that the prices in the store are outrageous and that she could easily get the toys elsewhere, but what really bothers her is the fact that people actually have the money to buy the toys that are only imitations of the real thing. For instance, the price of the sailboat confuses Sylvia because she knows that not only can she build one herself for fifty cents, but that the toy boats costs as much as a real boat. Sylvia demonstrates a maturity that allows her to separate her wants from her needs, which is what seemingly distinguishes the wealthy from the poor in the story. Sylvia’s shame to enter the store and her inevitable jealously only fuels her desire to find out how others are able to make money and buy expensive things; she questions why she â€Å"ain’t in on it,† which is only answered by her recollection of Miss Moore’s words that symbolize the connection between where you live and who you are. In the end Sylvia has gained a new perspective of herself, her community, and her race as a whole. She recognizes the unfair advantage the wealthy have over the poor, which only stimulates her desire for a better future. Sugar, perhaps the most disgusted by the inequalities she is presented with, fascinates Miss Moore with her views on society. Sugar, like Sylvia, feels that the money spent on frivolous items like a paperweight or toy microscope would be enough to last a family like hers a lifetime. Sugar silently goes through the toy store in astonishment, touching the toy boat as if she were in a museum. Sugar’s behavior in the store is indicative of her absorption in the atmosphere and in her own thoughts; normally Sugar has no problem being outlandish, but within this environment she is restrained and serious. For example, Sugar feels an inability to even enter the store, yet she is fully capable of entering a church with the intention of fulfilling a dare or yelling obscenities at a cab driver. It is clear that Sugar is amazed by the prices of the toys in the store, relating the price of the toy boat to the price of food: â€Å"You know, Miss Moore, I don’t think all of us here put together eat in a year what that sailboat costs† (Bambara 95). Sugar’s response to Miss Moore’s question is surprising not only to Miss Moore but to Sylvia as well; Sugar feels a certain responsibility to speak about the inequalities and injustices that face her community because they now seem so clear to her. Before visiting Fifth Avenue Sugar had nothing to compare her neighborhood to, and most likely believed that everyone was equal, but now she recognizes that she lives in a completely different world than those in Manhattan. Additionally, Sugar’s response demonstrates her strong beliefs because she was not reluctant to address Miss Moore and she continued to do so knowing that Sylvia didn’t want her to speak. Sugar’s views reflect the idea that the toys in F. A. O Schwarz indicate the inequality of society and the absence of democracy. Q. T. , the youngest member of the group, brings forth the idea of wanting something that is out of reach. Though Q. T. may be too young to fully understand the reasoning behind his poverty, he still recognizes that F. A. O Schwarz is a store predominately for wealthy people. Q. T. being the youngest, has the greatest chance of breaking the cycle within his own community because of his early recognition of the wealthy lifestyle. His obsession with the toy boat has the ability to manifest itself in his future life choices to become educated, wealthy, and equal to others. Q. T. ’s unwavering stare at the toy boat also serves as an accurate depicti on of a child who has spent most of his life in the slums; Q. T. desires a toy that he inherently knows he cannot have and does not approach the situation with any animosity towards those who cannot provide it for him. Even at his age, Q. T. holds maturity, like the rest of the children, which allows him to differentiate between practicality and impracticality. The Lesson, true to its name, depicts the invaluable learning experience of Sylvia, Sugar, Q. T. , and other children who also live in the poverty-stricken neighborhood of Harlem. These characters, unaware of their social and economic constraints, are forced to recognize, question, and examine why their lives differ from those who live in Manhattan. Through the trip to F. A. O Schwarz and Miss Moore’s encouragement, the children encounter a world that sharply contrasts to their own. In seeing the prices of meaningless items in the store, the children immediately learn that they are faced with extreme injustices and have been simply excluded from the world in which they visit. Money, to these children, is the distinction between life and death, and yet to the wealthy patrons of the store, money is spent abundantly and carelessly. After witnessing the inequalities they face, the children vow to take control of their future before it’s too late.

The Causes and Consequences of Economical Disturbances in Turkey (as of 2002)

The Causes and Consequences of Economical Disturbances in Turkey (as of 2002) The Causes and Consequences of Economical Disturbances in TurkeyThe lands of Turkey are located at a point where the three continents making up the old world. Asia, Africa and Europe are closest to each other, and straddle the point where Europe and Asia meet. Geographically, the country is located in the northern half of the hemisphere at a point that is about halfway between the equator and the North Pole. Turkey is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660 kilometers wide.Because of its geographical location the mainland of Anatolia has always found favor throughout history, and is the birthplace of many great civilizations. It has also been prominent as a centre of commerce because of its land connections to three continents and the sea surrounding it on three sides.Today, Turkey has a free market economy oriented to Western markets. The share of agriculture in the economy is decreasing as industry and services continue to expand rapidly.Turkish 10 Lira note.In Turkey, 43 percent of all employed persons work in agriculture. However today, agriculture only contributes 18 percent of the gross national product. The country has undertaken economic reforms over the past 15 years that have reduced the government's role in the economy and permitted the private sector to thrive. An export-led growth strategy and free-market principles catapulted Turkey into the ranks of the fastest-growing economies in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) .Turkey's leadership, however, failed to complete the reform program that was initiated in the early 1980s. This has accelerated Turkey's economic problems in those days. Large public sector deficits and the high inflation still continue to hamper the economy. Turkey continues to examine ways to improve its investment climate through changes in its IPR Legislation and taxing policy. The Turkish privatization board continues to evaluate...

Consanguinity and Medieval Marriages

Consanguinity and Medieval Marriages Definition   The term â€Å"consanguinity† simply means how close a blood relationship two persons have- how recently they have a common ancestor. Ancient History In Egypt, brother-sister marriages were common within the royal family.  If the Biblical stories are taken as history, Abraham married his (half-)sister Sarah.  But such close marriages have been generally prohibited in cultures from fairly early times. Roman Catholic Europe In Roman Catholic Europe, the canon law of the church forbid marriages within a certain degree of kinship.  Which relationships were forbidden to marry varied at different times. While there were some regional disagreements,  until the 13th century,  the  church forbade marriages with consanguinity or affinity (kinship by marriage) to the seventh degree- a rule which covered a very large percentage of marriages. The pope had the power to waive the impediments for particular couples.  Frequently, papal dispensations waived the block for royal marriages, especially when more distant relationships were generally forbidden. In a few cases, blanket dispensations were given by culture.  For example, Paul III restricted marriage to the second degree only for American Indians and for natives of the Philippines. Roman Scheme of Consanguinity Roman civil law generally prohibited marriages within four degrees of consanguinity. Early Christian custom adopted some of these definitions and limits, though the extent of prohibition varied somewhat from culture to culture. In the Roman system of calculating the degree of consanguinity, degrees are as follows: The first degree of kinship includes: parents and children (direct line)The second degree of kinship includes: brothers and sisters; grandparents and grandchildren (direct line)The third degree of kinship includes: uncles/aunts and nieces/nephews; great-grandchildren and great-grandparents (direct line)The fourth degree of kinship includes: first cousins (children sharing a pair of common grandparents); great uncles/great aunts and grand nephews/grand nieces; great grandchildren and great grandparentsThe fifth degree of kinship includes: first cousins once removed; great grand nephews/great grand nieces and great grand uncles/great grand auntsThe sixth degree of kinship includes: second cousins; first cousins twice removedThe seventh degree of kinship includes: second cousins once removed; first cousins three times removedThe eighth degree of kinship includes: third cousins; second cousins twice removed; first cousins four times removed Collateral Consanguinity Collateral consanguinity- sometimes called Germanic consanguinity- adopted by Pope Alexander II in the 11th century, changed this to defining the degree as the number of generations removed from the common ancestor (not counting the ancestor).  Innocent III in 1215 restricted the impediment to the fourth degree, since tracing more distant ancestry was often difficult or impossible. The first degree would include parents and childrenFirst cousins would be within the second degree, as are uncle/aunt and niece/nephewSecond cousins would be within the third degreeThird cousins would be within the fourth degree Double Consanguinity Double consanguinity arises when there is consanguinity from two sources.  For example, in many royal marriages in medieval times, two siblings in one family married  siblings from another.  The children of these couples became double first cousins. If they married, the marriage would count as a first cousin marriage, but genetically, the couple had closer connections than first cousins who were not doubled. Genetics These rules about consanguinity and marriage were developed before genetic relationships and the concept of shared DNA were known.  Beyond the genetic closeness of second cousins, the statistical likelihood of sharing genetic factors is almost the same as with unrelated individuals. Here are some examples from medieval history: Robert II of France married Bertha, a widow of Odo I of Blois, in about 997, who was his first cousin, but the Pope (then Gregory V) declared the marriage invalid and eventually Robert agreed. He tried to get an annulment of his marriage to his next wife, Constance, to remarry Bertha, but the Pope (by then  Sergius IV) would not agree.Urraca of Leon and Castile, a rare medieval reigning queen, was married in her second marriage to Alfonso I of Aragon.  She was able to get the marriage annulled on the grounds of consanguinity.Eleanor of Aquitaine was married first to Louis VII of France.  Their annulment was on the grounds of consanguinity, fourth cousins descended from Richard II of Burgundy and his wife, Constance of Arles. She immediately married Henry Plantagenet, who was also her fourth cousin, descended from the same Richard II of Burgundy and Constance of Arles.  Henry and Eleanor were also half-third cousins through another common ancestor, Ermengard of Anjou, so she w as actually more closely related to her second husband. After Louis VII divorced Eleanor of Aquitaine on grounds of consanguinity, he married Constance of Castile to whom he was more closely related, as they were second cousins.Berenguela of Castile married Alfonso IX of Leon in 1197, and the Pope excommunicated them the next year on grounds of consanguinity. They had five children before the marriage was dissolved; she returned to her father’s court with the children.Edward I and his second wife, Margaret of France, were first cousins once removed.Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon- the famous Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain- were second cousins, both descended from John I of Castile and Eleanor of Aragon.Anne Neville was a first cousin once removed of her husband, Richard III of England.Henry VIII was related to all of his wives through common descent from Edward I, a fairly distant degree of kinship.  Several of them were also related to him through descent from Edward III.As just one example from the multiply-in termarried Habsburgs, Philip II of Spain married four times.  Three wives were closely related to him. His first wife, Maria Manuela, was his double first cousin. His second wife, Mary I of England, was his double first cousin once removed. His third wife, Elizabeth Valois, was more distantly related. His fourth wife, Anna of Austria, was his niece (his sister’s son) as well as his first cousin once removed (her father was Philip’s paternal first cousin). Mary II and William III of England were first cousins.